Current Trends in Polymeric Nano-Based Theranostic Systems in Cancer Research (Article Sample)

Current Trends in Polymeric Nano-Based Theranostic Systems in Cancer Research
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Table of Contents
TOC \t "Рубрика, 1,Рубрика 2, 2,Рубрика 3, 3"
Abstract PAGEREF _Toc \h 4
Current Trends in Polymeric Nano-Based Theranostic Systems in Cancer Research PAGEREF _Toc1 \h 6
1 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc2 \h 6
Multifunctional targeted (smart) theranostic systems PAGEREF _Toc3 \h 7
Lipid-based nano-theranostic systems PAGEREF _Toc4 \h 12
Lipid-based therapeutics and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) PAGEREF _Toc5 \h 14
Lipid-based Therapeutic and radionuclide imaging PAGEREF _Toc6 \h 16
Lipid-based Therapeutic and Fluorescence scanning PAGEREF _Toc7 \h 18
Polymer-drug conjugates PAGEREF _Toc8 \h 20
Gene-based theranostic systems PAGEREF _Toc9 \h 25
Theranostic dendrimers PAGEREF _Toc10 \h 30
Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric theranostics PAGEREF _Toc11 \h 33
* Magnetic Resonance imaging (I appreciate that the writer has written about MRI but we need to write the applications of Theranostics in MRI So the later needs to be added.) PAGEREF _Toc12 \h 37
Optical Imaging (Similarly here we need to write about the applications of Theranostic in Optical Imaging). PAGEREF _Toc13 \h 38
X-Ray Computed Tomography(Similarly here we need to write about the applications of Theranostic in Xray CT). PAGEREF _Toc14 \h 38
PET Scan(Similarly here we need to write about the applications of Theranostic in PET). PAGEREF _Toc15 \h 39
Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc16 \h 40
References PAGEREF _Toc17 \h 42
Abstract
This review focused on current trends in cancer research, diagnostics and treatment. Emphasis was on the use of polymeric-theranostics and its application in contemporary cancer research. Through the review, it was noted that polymeric theranostic systems allows for improved drug delivery while also reducing the toxicity levels during cancer treatments. Similarly, application of polymer-based theranostic is gaining popularity due to its ability of providing real time information. In this case, clinicians are able to determine cancer treatment strategies. Polymer-based theranostics also allows for early cancer detection which makes current trends more adequate.
Recent advancements in nanomedicine such as the use of PEGlated, paclitaxel-albumin bioconjugates and liposomal doxorubicin have significantly enhanced cancer treatment approaches and diagnostics. Besides, studies have shown an increased use of polymer-based theranostic systems to monitor cancer progression and measure the treatment efficacy. With the growing application of polymeric theranostics in cancer diagnosis and treatment, future advancements see increased literature to improve knowledge in cancer research and developments. The control advancements now move towards shrinking cancer growth or even stopping the growth for a period of time. This therefore calls for improved literature sources to enhance knowledge base cancer treatment through the use of polymeric theranostic systems.
Current Trends in Polymeric Nano-Based Theranostic Systems in Cancer Research
* Introduction
With the increasing technological revolution, polymer-based nanomedicine is becoming an attractive and growing field in healthcare systems. Similarly there has been a noted increase in the use of polymer-based systems as bio-imaging agents as well as therapeutic carriers especially during the diagnosis of tumor in a patient. With the increasing use of polymetric theranostic systems, physicians are now able to detect growth in patients as early as possible and commence immediate preventive measures. In the past years the use of nanomedicine has been considered to have an advanced trend and is attributed to the contemporary revolutions in diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of many diseases including cancer. According to Wang et al., (2016), nanoscale such as the abraxane and doxil have had increased drug efficacy while at the same time they have been able to reduce system toxicity. Through this advantage, these scale formulations have been approved by the Food and Drug Admission (FDA), an agency which approves treatment and pharmaceutical equipment across the world. While these are just sample of the approved nanoscales, studies have reported that several other nanoscales are still under valuation for approval by the FDA for their efficacy and safety in use. It is projected that the approval of these nanoscale drug formulations will enhance diagnosis and treatment of various diseases across the globe. Besides, they will improve management of chronic diseases which have become public health concerns in the contemporary societies.
To enhance the diagnosis and improved treatment of various chronic diseases, nanomedicine is complemented by the molecular imaging devices which have significantly become important tools for the noninvasive and high resolution detection of cellular and molecular levels in the body. However, it is important to note that each of these bio-imaging devices has its own unique advantage and disadvantage. As the use of nanomedicine techniques become increasingly attractive in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, it is important for the integration of the imaging functions to the therapeutic abilities under one dais to enhance the dynamic functionality of the technique. This will make it possible to measure the therapeutic efficacy of the devices while at the same time having advanced approach in monitoring disease progress as also outlined by Wang et al., (2016).
While looking at the advances and recommendations to improve nanomedicine technologies to improve therapeutic diagnosis and treatment of diseases, it is also important to have understanding of the current trends in the use of polymer nano-based theranostic systems as used in cancer research. This is a component of nanomedicine which in one way or the other has contributed to development of more therapeutic devices for cancer diagnosis and treatment. This article review focuses on exploring the current trends in the use of polymer nano-based theranostic systems including the lipid-based nanotheranostic systems, polymer-drug conjugates, gene-based theranostic systems, theranostic dendrimers and Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric theranostics in the current cancer research. Through this review each system will be explored in terms of the advantages and disadvantages as well as their significant contribution in cancer research.
Multifunctional targeted (smart) theranostic systems
One major attribute of cancer is that it involves a wide proliferation of abnormal cells in the body which has the potential of metastasizing. Due to the high widespread nature of cancer in the body it has increasingly become a public health concern and a life threatening disease for many. Besides, it is considered one of the leading cause of death across the globe and thus threatening life expectancy across populations. Forlornly, early detection for the disease has remained a challenge in most countries while it is a vital and important process in the treatment of the disease. In essence, early detection gives an idea on what treatment approaches should be undertaken to stabilize the condition before the high spread of the abnormal cells. Nonetheless, it is vital to understand that cancer is a complicated condition that affects variety of cells in the body. For long period of time, cancer chromatography has been accepted as one of the main modalities after radiation or surgery (De Visschere et al. 2016). However, these approaches are associated with impetuous side effects due to the cytotoxic impacts of the anticancer agents. In this case therefore, it is important to explore avenues under which such side effects can be solved as well as alleviating the cytotoxic nature of the anticancer agents.
In multifunctional targeted (smart) theranostic systems, properties of nanoparticles are focused to convey a unique cancer-specific imaging and therapeutic agents. Similarly, this trend allows for the integration of several ligands with therapeutic, barrier avoiding and diagnostic properties under one nanoparticle system (Lan et al. 2020). Similarly, the multivalent targeting makes it easy for the particles to bind towards the targeted cell. One of the main theranostic agent used for this system is the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles due to their potential of applying the intrinsic diagnostic capabilities (Nam et al. 2018).
Despite the significant contribution of multifunctional theranostic in cancer diagnosis and treatment, it translation is often related to the specificity of the cancer biomarkers the advancement of the bio-conjugations as well as the biocompatibility of the components used for formulation. Cancer biomarkers at times fail to be used for clinical therapy and treatments as a result of their non-specific expression in normal tissues. However, for accurate and reliable diagnosis/therapy for cancer, it is important to approve the biocompatibility materials that are used in the bioconjugation. Consequently this review realized the need to fully address such issues before the translation of smart multifunctional cancer theranostics.
According to Cole & Holland. (2015) Implementation of smart multifunctional theranistic require four concepts are required;
* Advancement of technologies to focus on a specific cancer targeting cells.
* Enhancing the imaging methods.
* Creating the biocom...