A Report on Autism Spectrum Disorder (Other (Not Listed) Sample)

A Report on Autism Spectrum Disorder
Student’s Name
University
A Report on Autism Spectrum Disorder
PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL
Name: Angus
Age: 6 Years
Report compiled by: Student's Name and "Title."
Client Profile
Referral Reason
Inattention and Tantrums.
Psychological Data
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is used as a test or questionnaire in diagnosing the case of Angus. It is a diagnostic test that helps establish the criteria for a patient to be described as Autistic. It has various sections A.1 through to A.3 and B.1 through to B.4 to know the deficits of a child in interaction and social communication and repetitive behaviors. For positive tests of ASD, a child must depict all three areas of social communication and interaction and at least two types of repetitive behavior.
Presenting Problems
Inciting Incident
Temper tantrums, i.e., screaming, banging head, and unresponsiveness to comfort (five and six tantrums at home and school, respectively). Inattentiveness in class, refusal to sit in a personal chair, upsets in unplanned activities that fail to meet expectations and changes. Playing alone does not accept hugs or being held, assistance in cleaning and dressing, and withdrawing from social interactions.
Medical History
None
Current Medication
None
Forensic History
None
Substance Use
No Substance is being used.
Family History
No mention of these signs and symptoms in the family history.
Social History
Poor social relationships
Personal History
Aggressive and inattentive on non-preferred actions
Developmental
Slow development
Education and Occupation
Kindergarten
Sexual/Marital/Social Relationships
None
Hobbies/Interests
Playing with preferred toys
Accommodation/Finance
Necessary
Personality
Introverted
Case study notes
Potential diagnosis and analysis of symptoms
DSM-V is a diagnostic test for understanding childhood disorders. It replaced the DSM-IV making several changes to diagnosing patients with Autism or ASD. It is a technique that professionals and psychiatrists use to analyze based on difficulties in various areas of child development. This diagnostic test is necessary because it highlights the symptoms and signs of autism and shows how many are present to affirm autism in a child. It illuminates social communication difficulties and children's repetitive, sensory, and restricted interests or behavior. DSM-V highlights the signs and characteristics of children who have autism. It is a single test that includes extra diagnosis of various developmental disorders such as Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (or DMDD) and Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder (SCD) CITATION Sub16 \l 1033 (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2016). These show the need for Angus’s diagnosis as he is a victim of such disorders. It provides a detailed description of various disorders, including autism. But the diagnostic method fails to identify problems in playing and imagining, cannot capture social anxiety and shyness, and developmental and language delays. It also fails to capture temper tantrums and imitated social skills CITATION Car13 \l 1033 (Carpenter, 2013). This exemplifies the incapability to apply the method in examining Angus’s situation. This is because Angus showed signs of issues in playing with toys experienced language and developmental delays. For instance, Angus has had temper tantrums from the age of three, which is a feature that the DSM-V cannot capture.
Case Formulation
Angus's case can be formulated from the four P's of case formulation, i.e., Protective, Predisposing, Perpetuating, and precipitating. Identifying these factors is essential as it establishes a framework for determining the risk of developmental problems in children and origins and persistence. Predisposing factors put a child in a developing problem, including temperament CITATION Rac16 \l 1033 (Racine et al., 2016). Angus displays temper tantrums in response to various situations both at home and in school. He screams and bangs his head in the case in an increasing frequency as he grows old. Precipitating factors respond to the specific triggers or events from the onset of a problem during child development CITATION Pet20 \l 1033 (Peters, 2020). Angus’s temper tantrums at school have been brought about by many instances of refusing to sit in his chair and failure to paying attention to teachers. Also, upsets to planned activities or changes of events and activities would prompt Angus to be tempered, screaming until they are fixed. Misunderstanding his gestures n showing the toys he wanted to play with would also result in tantrums.
Perpetuating factors are characteristics that show continuity of the presenting issue. It is an aspect that shows how events leading to an illness follow each other. For Angus, the tantrums are described to occur when particular instances arise. These instances include changing school activities' plans, not meeting his expectations the way he liked them, and having a tantrum when his gestures are misunderstood. Lastly, protective factors focus on finding out resources and/or means of support, which facilitate preventing the occurrence of an event with an Autistic patient to prevent further problems CITATION Pet20 \l 1033 (Peters, 2020). It is a characteristic that propagates the client to suggest the possible solution, assets, supporters, and other individually-identified skills to mitigate the problem. In the case of Angus, his parents suggested taking him to a psychiatrist, hoping to be prescribed a medicine (Ritalin). Supporters were people from the initial school who called for Angus' parents to discuss his behavior and recommend the special school.
Therapies/treatments/management options
Various options can be adopted in treating autism. Two of these treatment options include Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) and medication. ABA systematically works towards changing behavior depending on learning principles obtained from behavioral psychology. It is an approach that reduces behaviors that may interfere with harmful behaviors and learning. ABA increases communication and language skills, facilitating improved attention, social skills, academics, focus, and memory CITATION Net12 \l 1033 (Network Autism Treatment, 2012). It can be applied to reduce problem behaviors as it contains various other treatment methods such as Discrete Trial Learning, Verbal behavior, Natural Language Paradigm, and Pivotal Response Training CITATION Net12 \l 1033 (Network Autism Treatment, 2012). Angus exhibits symptoms related to communication and language delay, behavior, attention, and social issues, which can be resolved using ABA. ABA covers many therapeutic approaches to address Angus' problems.
Another treatment option is medication. Instead of long therapeutic sessions, medicines can be administered to Angus to reduce the problems he encounters. Pharmaceutical treatments can alleviate ASD symptoms like self-injurious behaviors, aggression (temperament), and irritability. Medications also reduce the disruption or interference with behaviors due to using other methods like ABA and may be more effective. FDA approves medicines like Risperidone and Aripiprazole for such symptoms (aggressive behavior, temper tantrums, and deliberate self-injury) related to autism in children CITATION Aut21 \l 1033 (Autism Science Foundation, 2021). Angus could benefit from this approach due to the signs he displays that are correlated to medication.
The most appropriate method to resolve Angus' issues is applying the ABA treatment option from my research. This is because it covers a variety of ways to reduce the symptoms shown by Angus. Ibetwt is a practical approach because it is considered an evidenced-based 'best' treatment option by the American Psychological association compared to the medication approach, a new technique CITATION Net12 \l 1033 (Network Autism Treatment, 2012).
[Student’s Name]
[SIGN HERE]
_____________________________
Designation: “title”
Discussion
Justification of behavioral treatment for ASD patients
The justification to apply behavioral treatments for treating ASD from a genetic and biological perspective is based on the fact that it is a biological and genetically induced disorder. Research conducted by Daniel Geschwind found that abnormalities in mental flexibility, social cognition, and language autism are recognized as neurodevelopmental syndrome that is susceptible to dozens of genes (accounting for 10 to 20 percent of Autism cases) CITATION HDa11 \l 1033 (Geschwind, 2011). It is etiologically heterogeneous, laying a base for its pathophysiology. Diverse genomic and genetic approaches offer evidence that converges on the disruption of vital biological pathways implicated in various allied neurodevelopmental diseases. Also, autism gives a difficult-to-understand framework of behavioral and physiological rhythm disturbances that potentially influences repetitive interest and behaviors and social communication impairments development CITATION Tor15 \l 1033 (Tordjman et al., 2015). For this reason, understanding genes engaged in Autism occurrence offers a vital tool in probing the specificity of the disorder and the shared cognitive and neurobiological char...