Experimental and Computational Study of 2D Gallium-Porphyrin for Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy of Staphylococcus Aureus and Mycobacterium in Wastewater (Research Proposal Sample)

Experimental and Computational Study of 2D Gallium-Porphyrin for Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy of Staphylococcus Aureus and Mycobacterium in Wastewater
Introduction
The study will focus on two species of bacteria Staphylococcus Aureus, and Mycobacterium, in effluent discharged from the export processing zone (EPZ) Nairobi. The two bacteria are of interest due to the growing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in Kenya and worldwide ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1186/2047-2994-3-22","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Aiken","given":"A. M.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Sabat","given":"A. J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Akkerboom","given":"V.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mwangi","given":"J.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Scott","given":"J. A.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morpeth","given":"S. C.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Friedrich","given":"A. W.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mutuku","given":"I M","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Grundmann","given":"H","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control","id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2014"]]},"page":"22","title":"Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in Thika Level 5 Hospital, Kenya: a cross-sectional study","type":"article-journal","volume":"3"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=e90f3c7a-eea8-4c05-a86c-93b9cd39123c"]},{"id":"ITEM-2","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2147/IJN.S138185","ISSN":"11782013","PMID":"28860757","abstract":"© 2017 Mai et al. Background and objectives: Antibiotic resistance has emerged as one of the most important determinants of outcome in patients with serious infections, along with the virulence of the underlying pathogen. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) has been proposed as an alternative approach for the inactivation of bacteria. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effect of sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS)-mediated PACT on Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistant S. aureus in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods: Bacteria were incubated with DVDMS and exposed to treatment with light. After PACT treatment, colony-forming units were counted to estimate the bactericidal effect. Intracellular reactive oxygen-species production was detected by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry and fluorescence-microscopy detection of bacterial cell-membrane permeability. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine expression of VEGF, TGFβ 1 TNFα, IL6, and bFGF factors in burn infection. Results: DVDMS-PACT effectively killed bacterial proliferation. Intracellular ROS levels were enhanced obviously in the PACT-treatment group. SYTO 9 and propidium iodide staining showed a decrease in the ratio of green:red fluorescence intensity in the PACT-treatment group in comparison to the control group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay results revealed that in the healing process, the expression of bFGF, TGFβ 1 and VEGF in the treatment group were higher than in the control group, which inhibited inflammation-factor secretion. In addition, skin-tissue bacteria were reduced after treatment. Conclusion: These results indicate that DVDMS-PACT presents significant bactericidal activity and promotes wound healing after burn infections.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mai","given":"Bingjie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gao","given":"Yiru","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Li","given":"Min","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Xiaobing","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Zhang","given":"Kun","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liu","given":"Quanhong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Xu","given":"Chuanshan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Pan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"International Journal of Nanomedicine","id":"ITEM-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"5915-5931","title":"Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy for staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant bacterial burn infection in vitro and in vivo","type":"article-journal","volume":"12"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c75d4933-5d9b-491f-bab2-17af3c2c6c37"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Aiken et al., 2014; Mai et al., 2017)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Aiken et al., 2014; Mai et al., 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Aiken et al., 2014; Mai et al., 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Aiken et al., 2014; Mai et al., 2017). Previous research studies have confirmed the utility of PACT in the inactivation of drug-resistant bacteria such as S. Aureus and E. Coli ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1039/c7ra06073d","ISSN":"20462069","abstract":"

Cationic phthalocyanines (Pcs) combine with photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) presents excellent antibacterial activity to Gram-negative bacteria E. coli .

","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Li","given":"Min","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mai","given":"Bingjie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Ao","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Gao","given":"Yiru","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Xiaobing","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liu","given":"Xin","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Song","given":"Shanshan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Liu","given":"Quanghong","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wei","given":"Shaohua","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Wang","given":"Pan","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"RSC Advances","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"65","issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]},"page":"40734-40744","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","title":"Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy with cationic phthalocyanines against: Escherichia coli planktonic and biofilm cultures","type":"article-journal","volume":"7"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=d4c5da64-faf7-4910-a5e5-f57031b43e25"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Li et al., 2017)","manualFormatting":"(Li et al., 2017","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Li et al., 2017)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Li et al., 2017)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(Li et al., 2017; ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2147/IJN.S138185","ISSN":"11782013","PMID":"28860757","abstract":"© 2017 Mai et al. Background and objectives: Antibiotic resistance has emerged as one of the most important determinants of outcome in patients with serious infections, along with the virulence of the underlying pathogen. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) has been proposed as an alternative approach for the inactivation of bacteria. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effect of sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS)-mediated PACT on Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistant S. aureus in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods: Bacteria were incubated with DVDMS and exposed to treatment with light. After PACT treatment, colony-forming units were counted to estimate the bactericidal effect. Intracellular reactive oxygen-species production was detected by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry and fluorescence-microscopy detection of bacterial cell-membrane permeability. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine expression of VEGF, TGFβ 1 TNFα, IL6, and bFGF factors in burn infection. Results: DVDMS-PACT effectively killed bacterial proliferation. Intracellular ROS levels were enhanced obviously in the PACT-treatment group. SYTO 9 and propidium iodide staining showed a decrease in the ratio of green:red fluorescence intensity in the PACT-treatment group in comparison to the control group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay results revealed that in the healing process, the expression of bFGF, TGFβ 1 and VEGF in the treatment group were higher than in the control group, which inhibited inflammation-factor secretion. In addition, skin-tissue bacteria were reduced after treatment. Conclusion: These results indicate that DVDMS-PACT presents significant bactericidal activity and promotes wound healing after burn infections.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Mai","given":"Bing...