Enzymes Act As A Catalyst In Reactions And The Factors (Coursework Sample)

Metabolism
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Abstract
It is through metabolic processes in the body that cells and organisms do exist (Palmer, 2016). The metabolism process gives them the required energy for growth and development (Palmer, 2016). As a result, metabolism is significant in the field of medicine in the sense that complications such as diabetes and defects brought about by the hereditary enzyme can be detected (Palmer, 2016). Enzymes play a significant role in the metabolic process that takes part in catalysts process. Metabolism takes place in the liver as the organ has cells that process fructose due to the available enzymes (Palmer, 2016).
Metabolism
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
The activity of enzymes relies on the structure and interaction of both the amino acid residues and the chains whose location is on the sides (Palmer, 2016). The features that make all the enzymes catalysts are their ability to increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves getting consumed by the reaction. Besides, they have the capability of increasing the rates of reaction without necessarily interfering with the chemical equilibrium between that of a reactant and a product (Palmer, 2016).
Enzymes Catalyzed Reactions
Liver cells are able to process fructose due to the presence of enzyme fructokinase. The process of fructose metabolism is called fructolysis. It starts by acting on stored glucose through glycolysis to produce two intermediate molecules known as GAP and DHAP, which can later on be burnt down to produce energy to be used by the body.
Deficiency in Aldolase B
HFI usually results from the deficiency of aldolase B activity in the liver, intestine, and the kidney. Aldolase B is the main isoenzyme in the liver, and is responsible for fructose metabolism by using fructose 1-phosphate as the substrate, and also responsible for production of fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate through gluconeogenesis. In the absence of aldolase B activity, there is always a rapid accumulation of fructose 1-phosphate in the liver leading to sequestration of the inorganic phosphate. The reduction in intracellular phosphate pool always activates AMP deaminase that leads to degradation of adenine nucleotides thus resulting in inhibition competition of phosphorylase which is a by product of fructose 1-phosphate resulting to the concomitant hypoglycaemia.
Mitochondrial disease
Mitochondrial disease can occur due to mutations or changes in genes. There are usually proteins within the mitochondria which uses fuel molecules received from food to manufacture the energy molecule ATP. The process requires oxygen for the proteins to import sugars and fats to the mitochondrion. These proteins are organized into five levels from one to five called complexes. They all transport the electrons in chain, and a deficiency in any one of the complexes leads to the mitochondrial disease. Cori cycle or lactic acid cycle is the metabolic chain in which the lactate is transported from the muscles to the liver. During the Cori cycle, energy is used which are usually in the form of ATP and must be replenished during muscular activities. If the cycle remains in a single cell there will not be replenishment of ATP as lactate will not reach the liver and there will be no glycolysis to produce more energy. ATP is always in use in the cycle for the supply of energy for the whole process and more are also produced through glycolysis. The process can produce around 600 ATP’s and use around 200 ATP’s.
Citric Acid Cycle
The regulatory enzymes in the citric acid cycle including the pyruvate dehyrogenase are at times allost...