Reflective logs in political subjectivity (Coursework Sample)

Discussion on Reflective Logs and Understanding of Political Subjectivity Name Course Tutor Institution Department Date Political subjectivity is one of the most challenging and demanding parts of human nature. Politics plays an integral role in bringing to light human ideas, decisions, morals and vices. Politics enables people to develop self-knowledge in the changes that occur in society. The effect of political subjectivity creates an impact on different fields of human life, such as physiology and anthropology (Dunst and Edwards, 2011). Major thinkers who have developed humanist or anti-humanist conceptions of political subjectivity come from a diverse background, such as French historian Foucault, political philosopher Hannah Arendt, Herbert Marcuse, British philosopher Isaiah Berlin. The political objectivity of humanism emphasizes on a philosophical and ethical value of human beings. Hannah Arendt Hannah Arendt is a political philosopher whose contribution on political subjectivity focused on freedom, revolution, and public space. Arendt work engages on the nature of politics and the political life of human activity. (Arendt, Arendt, and May 2007). In the humanist approach, she attempts a philosophical inquiry that deals with the history of democracy and political philosophy in the Ancient Greek world. Using the history of politics Arendt uses the information in the modern politics. The human existence depends on an active life. According to Ardent, the three fundamental categories of active human life are labor, work, and action. People must work to sustain biological life by producing food and providing shelter. Working to provide basic needs is the naturalness of the human condition. People have the ability to work to transform their world into an artificial realm. Ardent asserts that the activities of individuals involve politics. From history, the freedom of action took place in public while laboring to acquire basic needs occurred in a private area. Mass civilization has brought historical changes of human movement in the political arena. The modern era has devalued the world of human action. The inquiry with which Arendt draws her ideas is more often the possible way to political issues and the political life, as unmistakable from different domains of human movement. Arendt's work embraces a remaking of the way of political presence (Allen, 2002).Hannah Arendt is the most complicated figure for anybody wishing to comprehend her work in political logic. She has never composed anything that would represent a deliberate political philosophy, a theory in which a single focal contention is explained and developed in a succession of works. Or maybe, she works spread numerous and assorted subjects, traversing issues, for example, totalitarianism upheaval, the nature of flexibility, the resources of "considering" and "judging," the historical backdrop of political thought. A scholar of heterodox and entangled argumentation, Arendt's compositions draw motivation from Heidegger, Aristotle, Augustine, Kant, Nietzsche, Jaspers, and others. This entangled amalgamation of imaginary components display an apparent accessibility of her idea, to a different cluster of positions in the political hypothesis: for instance, participatory democrats by Benjamin Barber and Sheldon Wolin, communitarians, for example, Sandel and MacIntyre. Arendt connected agency and public to enrich understanding of the benefits of an organization in different. Isaiah Berlin Isaiah Berlin was a historian of political ideas on conversational brilliance to defend liberalism. His views emphasize on political extremism on the history of ideas. He made major contributions to revive the political theory of liberty. He published influential texts in that field of freedom to criticize positive and negative theoretical discussions of a right to gain political freedom (Mulieri, 2013). Berlin's thoughts on humanism played a central role in the development of his thought in the philosophical doctrines of liberalism and pluralism. Berlin's humanism was both a matter of individual conviction and assumption and a method to review the worlds that reward individuals as being of primary significance. The Two Concepts of Liberty essay is considered a significant contribution to political theory where he differentiated between negative liberty and positive liberty which he regarded as essential for a just society. Berlin's knowledge of philosophy originates from his initial introduction and rejection of Idealism and logical positivism. Berlin's methodology consolidated a skeptical observation with neo-Kantianism to protect the view. Berlin demanded the maximum contrast between the natural and human sciences. He categorized philosophy among the human sciences even though its status was unique. Berlin regarded philosophy as a scientist nescientiarum concerned with those things which cannot be objects of observational learning (Mulieri, 2013). His essay The War and Peace is full of literary criticism and significant political inquiry and scholarly feedback. Berlin explored the central themes about the role of the person history procedure and the relation between monism and pluralism. In his work, Berlin emphasizes on the idea of liberty and dignity of human being. He believed that equality in any given society depends on personal sacrifice. Possession of maximum freedom destroys the weak values in the society. Berlin insisted that there could be no single widely inclusive answer for the central issues of the community (Cracraft, 2007). Any investigation of society demonstrates that each solution creates a new problem which breeds its needs and challenges, new demands. In his article "The Pursuit of the Ideal," he proposed that nothing grows the innovative horizons of human possibilities. According to Berlin, philosophy is more on complex questions whose answers are not known, and the standard of judgment of the answer is conceivable or impossible. Maurice Merleau-Ponty In The Humanism and Terror, Merleau-Ponty's states that the liberal values of modern western governments are connected with individual conscience, knowledge, law, and with an appeal to inclusiveness and uniformity to constitutional and moral standards applied to all. He believes in establishing a more democratic society with universal interests. Merleau-Ponty supports Marx values because they are often not practiced as Western nations claim (Imbert, 2011). The community shows a democratic gap between theory and practice because law exploits and suppresses the values. Merleau-Ponty's demonstrates how the approach to political life is more engaged and critical in a manner that lay the foundation of his philosophical project. His political philosophy originates from Anti-humanism as a new understanding of humanism. The outcome is a thoughtful analysis that addresses our contemporary worries in which we look at a consistent record of our activities, our surroundings and ourselves, such that we may get to be excellent political performing artists within a complex world (Imbert, 2011). Merleau-Ponty believed that the transformative of human action depends on communicative capacities in the environment. In the political subjectivity, he offers the remedy of multicultural methodology through listening to all voices, even those of whom we may oppose the ideas. In Adventures of the Dialectic, he abandons Marx's vision of building a democratic society because there is no automatic history of human freedom. He asserts that human nature can accept economic, social and political conditions. Merleau-Ponty believes the use of classes help socioeconomic groups to enhance their economic and social understanding. He believes that democracy and freedom are possible within the social, economic context in the capitalist society (Merleau-Ponty and Smith, 2002). Merleau-Ponty develops hope in the existence of a democratic society in the class structure by incorporating Marx's analysis and criticism of capitalism. His political treatises continue to support democracy through an active participation of communities in the political life. The use of class structure makes the implementation of the political process easy. His political treaties support liberal principles in the society to increase awareness of politics. Herbert Marcuse Marcuse was a German-American philosopher and political analyst who developed the critical theory. In his essay "Repressive Tolerance" he argues that genuine understanding hinders the occurrence of repression to ensure the people's voices are heard. His essay on liberation outlines how society has developed new possibilities of human freedom that has rendered traditional conception of human liberty obsolete. He uses the theory of convergence to develop the stages of economic growth. He asserts that the contemporary politics in society reflect the past and the future. Marcuse contends that capitalism gives individuals what they need through supporting mass consumption as opposed to empowering creative human development. He regards capitalism movement to be more oppressive by manipulating social idea. Current capitalist economies create a high level that must be kept up to prominent utilization and an unusual degree of waste (Marcuse and Kellner, 2006). Marcuse argues that our freedom is a fantasy, which blinds some needs which are difficult to meet making human beings play the role of humanity. Marcuse comprehends the laborers to form part of the modern society. Workers are victims of false values and needs, but they have to work to get the basic needs. Human beings need to change their consciousness about the needs to improve their relations. He describes the development of freedom must rise from the understanding of the history of human being. According to Marcuse, capitalism a...