Automotive Emissions (Essay Sample)

AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS
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AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS
With the current revelation regarding Volkswagen, the German car manufacturing company, that they make use of software that falsify the data gained from emission testing, goes to show that most companies care less about the emission produced and the environmental impact it has on the environment. Volkswagen engineers admitted to manipulating carbon dioxide emissions data, since goals set by Martin Winterkorn, the former CEO were tough to achieve. They went further to explain that they did this by altering the tire pressure and also mixing diesel with their motor oil so that the cars use less fuel, something that they have done from 2013 to date. About 800,000 vehicles’ sold in Europe carbon dioxide emissions and fuel consumption were understated. This revelation has shed light to the irresponsibility’s involved with the automotive industry when it comes to emissions and its environmental impact ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1109/ACC.2005.1470478", "ISBN" : "0-7803-9098-9", "ISSN" : "0743-1619", "abstract" : " Local and global environmental concerns regarding automotive emissions motivate legislative action by governments throughout the world. Aggressive regulation of both tailpipe and evaporative emissions of passenger vehicles is the norm in most developed countries. These governmental regulations produce significant challenges and opportunities for control, particularly when combined with other system objectives such as fuel economy and performance. This tutorial presents an overview of the challenges related to emission control in the design and development of powertrain systems for modern passenger vehicles.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Buckland", "given" : "J.H.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Cook", "given" : "J.a.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Proceedings of the 2005, American Control Conference, 2005.", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2005" ] ] }, "page" : "3290-3295", "title" : "Automotive emissions control", "type" : "article-journal" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=e0f345c6-d7e7-40e8-899a-e271a0f22cdd", "/documents/?uuid=cee48f3a-0077-4f96-867a-057453b8cfa1" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Buckland & Cook, 2005)", "manualFormatting" : "(Buckland & Cook, 2015)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Buckland & Cook, 2005)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Buckland & Cook, 2005)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Buckland & Cook, 2015). When it comes to auto emissions, there are a lot of problems involved especially when it comes to health. This paper is set to review all these problems concerning how they are influenced by automotive emissions.
When considered individually, emissions from a single car are low, but emissions from the millions of vehicles on the road make the personal automotive the single greatest polluter. It is said that the citizen’s most "polluting" daily activity comes from him or her driving a private car.
The power that enables a car to move comes from the combustion of fuel in the engine. This combustion process brings about by-products (exhaust) and together with the evaporation of the fuel, pollution is what comes about. Diesel and gasoline are mixtures of hydrocarbons, which contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. In an ideal engine, oxygen from the environment would convert carbon in the fuel to carbon dioxide and hydrogen to water. Additionally nitrogen in the air would remain unaffected. In reality, this is not the case since the typical engine is not perfect thus they end up emitting several types of pollutants including unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. All these gases contribute negatively to the environment ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.3390/rs2041077", "ISSN" : "2072-4292", "abstract" : "Automotive particulate matter (PM) causes deleterious effects on health and visibility. Physical and chemical properties of PM also influence climate change. Roadside remote sensing of automotive emissions is a valuable option for assessing the contribution of individual vehicles to the total PM burden. LiDAR represents a unique approach that allows measuring PM emissions from in-use vehicles with high sensitivity. This publication reviews vehicle emission remote sensing measurements using ultraviolet LiDAR and transmissometer systems. The paper discusses the measurement theory and documents examples of how these techniques provide a unique perspective for exhaust emissions of individual and groups of vehicles.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Mazzoleni", "given" : "Claudio", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kuhns", "given" : "Hampden D.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Moosm\u00fcller", "given" : "Hans", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Remote Sensing", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "4", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010" ] ] }, "page" : "1077-1119", "title" : "Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "2" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=d4ed7692-d115-4d93-829a-6bd0ff0b50b1", "/documents/?uuid=f9df9a13-a64e-4890-afe0-e8e2a0a03439" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Mazzoleni, Kuhns, & Moosm\u00fcller, 2010)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Mazzoleni, Kuhns, & Moosm\u00fcller, 2010)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Mazzoleni, Kuhns, & Moosm\u00fcller, 2010)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Mazzoleni, Kuhns, & Moosmüller, 2010).
Some pollution crises that occurred in the post-war period were indicators of things to come. For example, the event of 1948 where there was a dense smoke cloud of particulate matter and sulphur dioxide that stayed close to the ground for almost six days. This was as a result of the temperature inversion in the steel mill town of Donora, Pennsylvania. On October 30th that was the fifth day, seventeen people died, and two more followed after twenty-three hours. Close to 44% of the people in that town became sick, and more than 12% severely affected. This tragedy brought to light the impact of air pollution on health. The impact was later on reconfirmed by the smog that left more than 3900 people dead in London, in 1952 and also the one that occurred in New York City that killed 190 people in 1953. In light to this, the Congress went ahead to enact the National Air Pollution Control Act in the year of 1955, so as to allow for further research on air pollution ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.025", "ISSN" : "03014215", "abstract" : "Reducing transport emissions, in particular vehicular emissions, is a key element for mitigating the risks of climate change. In much of the academic and public discourse the focus has been on alternative vehicle technologies and fuels (e.g. electric cars, fuel cells and hydrogen), whereas vehicles based on internal combustion engines have been perceived as close to their development limits. This paper offers a different perspective by demonstrating the accelerated improvement processes taking place in established combustion technologies as a result of a new competition between manufacturers and technologies, encouraged both by more stringent EU legislation and new CAFE levels in the US. The short-term perspective is complemented by an analysis of future improvement potentials in internal combustion technologies, which may be realized if efficient regulation is in place. Based on a comparison of four different regulatory approaches, the paper identifies the need for a long-term technology-neutral framework with stepwise increasing stringencies, arguing that this will encourage continual innovation and diffusion in the most effective way. ?? 2011 Elsevier Ltd.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Berggren", "given" : "Christian", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Magnusson", "given" : "Thomas", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Energy Policy", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "41", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2012" ] ] }, "page" : "636-643", "title" : "Reducing automotive emissions-The potentials of combustion engine technologies and the power of policy", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "41" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=0138c2ec-001e-4a67-9090-1c68e5b27184", "/documents/?uuid=09eb8426-c17a-4487-9b53-12746173167d" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Berggren & Magnusson, 2012)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Berggren & Magnusson, 2012)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Berggren & Magnusson, 2012)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Berggren & Magnusson, 2012). Unfortunately, it took a lot of time to discover how automotive emissions fit in the equations let alone addressing it.
Automotive emissions posed as a new source of air contamination that had more problems compared to the manufacturing discharges such as coal...