Criminology - riots, resistance and revolution (Essay Sample)

CRIMINOLOGY - RIOTS, RESISTANCE AND REVOLUTION   by Your Name Course/Code Professor’s Name University City, State Date Criminology - riots, resistance and revolution Introduction The modern science of conflict is a vast field of knowledge, where, among other manifestations, political conflictology acquires an independent significance. If politics is just participation in the affairs of the state, then the subject of political conflictology is closed in the narrow framework of state activity. The twentieth century, like no other period in world history, was saturated with international conflicts. The most large-scale of them, which played a huge role in the fate of mankind, were two world wars. With the disintegration of the colonial system, military confrontations began to arise between the new sovereign states on an ethno-confessional and socio-economic basis, because of the territorial division of ethnic groups, the belonging of the elite and the population to different ethnic groups. French revolution The Great French Revolution inspired generations of thinkers, artists, writers, for more than two centuries it has attracted the close attention of historians. “Revolution in the sense of a revolutionary outcome is a successful change of government, regime, society, or all three by violence” (Aya 2015, p. 627). However, many vicissitudes are still in the shadows, there are many unresolved issues in its history. One of them is the question of the church, society, and state during the Great French Revolution. The Great French Revolution of the late 18th century belongs to the number of major events not only in the history of this country but also in the world history. This revolution was bourgeois, that is, directed against the feudal-absolutist system, which ended not with a compromise between the bourgeoisie and the nobility, but with the complete destruction of the old feudal society and the absolutist state that was formed on its basis. The philosophers, obviously, needed to change, not obliterate, the ancient administration. They censured uncivilized oppression, religious narrow-mindedness and unjust tax collection, no doubt, yet they didn't advocate the full cancellation of the government, the Church, and the noblemen (Merrick 1993, p.600). First of all, the revolutionists wanted to protect the fatherland and the revolution. “Secularists, most potently advanced by the leaders of the French Enlightenment and its Revolution, sought to put forward a universalist vision of reason that would deter religion, displace the clerics, vanquish superstition and bring rational forms of reconciliation, harmony, and progress to all humankind” (Wellman 2010, p.60). The bourgeois revolution did not and could not find a scientifically consistent way of its struggle against the church counter-revolution and religion. The reason for this was the dual position of the bourgeoisie in the course of the revolution. Its ideologists and leaders assumed that in the course of historical development the church and religion would become allies of the bourgeoisie in the alignment of the class forces of capitalist society, its weapons in the struggle to perpetuate the bourgeois order. This determined their position in the matter under consideration. The Haiti Revolution  The first country in Latin American history, that gained full independence from its European metropolis, was a small republic of Haiti. The revolt of black slaves took place in Saint-Domingue, which at that time was a French colony. Four long, bloody years - from 1791 till 1803rd - The descendants of African slaves defended their right to become an independent state for four long, bloody years - from 1791 till 1803. A key role in this case was destined to a revolutionary Toussaint Louverture. It was he who led the black slaves against their tyrannical white masters. His twelve-year guerrilla campaign against the small and ill-prepared French colonial forces was fought out in the relatively isolated provinces of the colony with a savagery, ferocity, and ruthlessness which shocked even the most hardened observers and was to reduce the white population of the island by more than two-thirds (Robinson 1990, p.58). The great but frequently overlooked contribution of the Haitian Revolution lies in its fundamental articulation of the notion of human rights, not just in Haiti but also throughout the world. Haiti was the main nation to explain a general standard of normal, inadequate equity for every one of its subjects, albeit uncommon benefits stayed for warriors and the political tip top. All things considered, the principal idea of a typical mankind ran profoundly through the early Haitian constitutions (Knight 2005, p.410). The Haitian Revolution connected with the issues through equipped resistance and by forming a general public, creolised in the feeling of being local conceived and local reproduced however molded in the full learning of the inheritance of the African legacy (substantial and impalpable) and exceptionally aware of the privilege of people to be free as a component of shared and regular humankind (Nettleford 2006, p. 196). Women's Resistance In the history of Western civilization, a social movement for women's equality develops in the second half of the XIX century, when women were first organized as an independent political force. The term "feminism" as a synonym for women's emancipation, started to be widely used in Europe in the beginning of XX century. The few women's groups in America and Europe to the beginning of the XX century turned into influential national coalitions and associations. By all means of civic engagement suffragettes try to achieve changes in the law, do everything to make their voices heard. Mass demonstrations, petitions, appeals to the parties and politicians: meetings, demonstrations, even provocative protests were aimed at raising public awareness, policy changes and reforms. The activities of organizations and protests mainly involved women from the middle class (factory workers were not up to the public activity at that time). Socialists stood in defense of the rights of women. In the 1870s, the first European universities opened their doors to women students. But suffragettes took almost seventy years of hard struggle to become a reality of their basic political requirement. In 1920, the US Congress adopted the 19th Amendment to the Constitution, which gave women the right to vote. To begin with, jurisdictions in the American West were the first to allow ladies the privilege to vote in the nineteenth century, and it was stated again in the West that likewise drove the country in first liberating ladies in the mid-twentieth century (Braun & Kvasnicka 2013, p.411). In 20-ies years of XX century in Europe and the US feminist movement of the first wave, achieved, along with voting rights, the adoption of laws that allowed women to study in universities and work outside the home, considered its objectives to be met and the activity of women's organizations began to decline. In addition to the prohibition of direct discrimination, feminists demanded reform of practically all spheres of professional activity: getting bank loans, building permits, and rental housing, opening a business, access to prestigious professional schools and university faculties. Real equality of opportunity provided both legislation and special gender sensitive policies. In America, 1970-1990's new direction of feminist activity, as well as the main subject of heated public debate becomes a program of affirmative action or positive discrimination, as it was called sometimes. There was even launched a new the battle to expand the quantity of ladies chosen to Congress, the alleged Emily's List, it stays to be checked whether the new woman's rights has made critical increases under Bill Clinton (Riches 2010, p.170). It was the presidential decrees for the establishment of enterprises, corporations, institutions, and universities most favored nation for employment and study and promotion of women to men in the same professional qualities. In the 80-ies of XX century feminism in the developed countries of Europe and America became a part of the democratic socio-political systems and public policy. In a situation of dependency and oppression class, ethnic, racial, religious differences may seem more significant. There is no universal feminist concept to all cultures and different social groups. But it is clear that the liberation from all forms of discrimination requires joint actions of different democratic movements. Black civil rights movement Consistence issues of social equality and flexibilities of different people groups are among the dire issues. Such inquiries are a fundamental piece of the interior arrangement of any state, particularly multinational, for example, the United States. One of the numerous classes of the US populace is African Americans who were persuasively conveyed to the landmass, and for a considerable length of time battled for their rights. Subjugation was abrogated in XIX century. Be that as it may, it took one more decade for the "total freedom." The role of Martin Luther King's non-violent struggle for the adoption of a law prohibiting racial discrimination was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He became the first black American who has a bust in the Great Rotunda of the Capitol in Washington. The third Monday in January is celebrated in the US as the Martin Luther King Day and is considered a national holiday (Luther, Sherman 1971). He remained in the history of America as a liberator and, though bloodless liberator. According to Nepstad (2015), “violence is not necessary if citizens recognize the various forms of power that they possess, such as the capacity to withhold their cooperation, skills and labor, and material resources (p.417). The movement survived and won. Black with white could now go to the same sch...