History of Europe (Essay Sample)

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History of Europe
1)
Vernacular literature was a major characteristic of the Renaissance adopted by the printing press and some governments such as German Government. Diplomacy was a characteristic developed by critical political reality. Renaissance promoted art by creation of portraits of leaders and scenes of achievement for instance battles. Kings, Popes and Nobles gave commission for art. Research on science was an effect of Renaissance for the purpose of war. A lot of funds were spent to support scientists in creation of scientific tools of war. Many writings focusing Greece and Rome were written, enhancing the study of the classical periods of Greece and Rome.
2)
Protestant reformation was a Western Christianity Schism or religious revolution developed by early Protestants such as Martin Luther and John Calvin. The protestant reformation challenged the abuses of the medieval church such as the sale of spiritual privileges better known as indulgences as well as relics. The Protestant also questioned the clergy of the medieval church who engaged in corruption due to participation in political matters.
3)
The Council of Trent and the Society of Jesus, both of the Roman Catholic Church responded with Counter Reformation measures to the Protestants. Reformers in the medieval Catholic Church including Peter Waldo, St. Francis, Jan Hus and John Wycliffe responded to address abuses in the church. Erasmus of Rotterdam was another participant in reformation of the medieval church, urging the imitation of Jesus with the aim of stopping acts of selling relics and spiritual privileges. The engagement of the papacy and the church in political matters declined significantly.
a.
The three empires of China had well developed policies relating to the economy. The empires of China had functioning political systems. To surpass the three empires, Europe had to make changes to the fragmented political structures. Mastering of Spatial integration provided large market opportunities for trade leading to economic growth. Strategic policies on development of infrastructure improved the economy of Europe and surpassed that of china. Reduction of custom barriers by political structures of Europe diversified trade transactions.
b.
Employment of special military experts assisted in enhancing military skills and growth of a strong military base for Europe. The recruitment of more individuals into the military and establishment of more training camps coupled with funding of proper facilities and equipment’s increased the military of Europe beyond the militia of China’s empires.
c.
Creation and funding of research programs on technology aided technological improvement. Establishment of institutions dealing with technological studies equipped Europeans with the necessary technological skills that in turn led to growth of a technological industrial sector surpassing that of China’s empires.
5)
Turkish Sultan.
Ottoman
Austrian allies
6)
The interest of spices, trade commodities, and desire to spread Christianity as well as exploration made the Portugu...