English Case Study: Cancer (Essay Sample)

Jessica Ukandu
ENGL 395
Case study assignment
This paper looks at the life cycle of a biomedical idea, in this case, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines for of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals, and traces how the topic has been communicated to various audiences. It begins with a short description of the topic and continues with a compare-contrast essay utilizing rhetorical analysis tools to determine how the biomedical idea was framed in the four article explored.
Exploring the connection between HPV and HIV
Inspite of the stigma HIV national health institutions have been working to improve the well being of individuals who have contracted this communicable disease. Various researches have enabled individuals with HIV to live normal lives, as well as increased the lifespan of individuals suffering from this condition. But HPV changes all of this.
Considered as the most common sexually transmitted infection, with 9-13% or 6 million people worldwide infected annually ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.4103/0253-7184.85409", "ISSN" : "1998-3816", "PMID" : "22021967", "abstract" : "Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 9-13% and approximately 6 million people being infected each year. Mostly acquired during adolescence or young adulthood, HPV presents clinically as anogenital warts and may progress to precancerous lesions and cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis and anus, and oropharynx. HPV infection is considered to contribute to almost 100% cervical cancers and at least 80% of anal and 40-60% of vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancers. At present, two prophylactic HPV vaccines are commercially available and both are prepared from purified L1 structural proteins. These proteins self-assemble to form virus-like particles that induce a protective immunity. Gardasil(\u00ae) is a quadrivalent vaccine against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 and is recommended for use in females 9-26 years of age, for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, and vaginal cancers and intraepithelial neoplasia and condyloma acuminata and recently for vaccination in boys and men 9-26 years of age for the prevention of genital warts. Cervarix\u2122 is a bivalent vaccine approved for the prevention of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions caused by HPV 16 and 18, in females 10-25 years. HPV vaccines are safe and efficacious against type-specific HPV-induced anogenital warts, precancerous lesions, and cervical cancer. The vaccines are most effective when given before the onset of sexual activity and provide long-term protection. Effective vaccination coverage in young adolescent females will substantially reduce the incidence of these anogenital malignancy-related morbidity and mortality. There is need to generate India-specific data on HPV epidemiology and HPV vaccination efficacy as well as continue worldwide surveillance and development of newer vaccines.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pandhi", "given" : "Deepika", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Sonthalia", "given" : "Sidharth", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "2", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011", "7" ] ] }, "page" : "75-85", "title" : "Human papilloma virus vaccines: Current scenario.", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "32" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=ce54ad0c-be07-4ceb-bd19-f0332454db87" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Pandhi and Sonthalia)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Pandhi and Sonthalia), HPV is also the number one cause of death among young to middle aged women living in developing countries with high HIV prevalence ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "McNeil Jr.", "given" : "Donald G.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "New York Times", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014", "4", "21" ] ] }, "publisher-place" : "New York", "title" : "Cancer Vaccine Proves Effective in H.I.V. Patients", "type" : "article-newspaper" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=df674b52-a304-49cf-8cb6-59942cba265a" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(McNeil Jr.)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(McNeil Jr.).
The connection between the HPV and HIV has been firmly established following the publication of a number of researches ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Mbulawa", "given" : "ZZ", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Coetzee", "given" : "D", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Marais", "given" : "DJ", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Kamupira", "given" : "M", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Zwane", "given" : "E", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Allan", "given" : "B", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Constant", "given" : "D", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Moodley", "given" : "JR", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Hoffman", "given" : "M.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Williamson", "given" : "A.L", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Journal of Infectious Diseases", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "10", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2009" ] ] }, "page" : "1514-24", "title" : "Genital human papillomavirus prevalence and human papillomavirus concordance in heterosexual couples are positively associated with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "199" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=1fec8bd8-1b79-4f97-aa86-0ce9077e935e" ] }, { "id" : "ITEM-2", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1111/1471-0528.12015", "ISSN" : "1471-0528", "PMID" : "23121095", "abstract" : "OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the study were to investigate high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and type distribution in women infected with HIV-1, and to determine the relevance of HR-HPV positivity and persistence/loss to the development of high-grade cervical disease. DESIGN: A total of 518 European women infected with HIV attending for routine gynaecological care consented to 6-monthly follow-up visits over 3 years, with surveillance of cytology, colposcopy and histopathology, where relevant, and longer follow-up, where possible. SETTING: European women infected with HIV attending for routine gynaecological care. POPULATION OR SAMPLE: 518 European women infected with HIV attending for gynaecological care in 6 hospital-based European centres - Dublin, Edinburgh, London, Milan, Paris, and Warsaw. METHODS: Cervical screening was achieved by liquid-based cytology (LBC) of brush samples in PreservCyt\u00ae medium. The HPV testing of residual samples was performed by Hybrid-Capture II, with genotyping of positives using the HPV Line Blot Assay. Histology results were accessed where available. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Description of high risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and type distribution in HIV-1 infected women. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence at baseline of any HR-HPV type was 49.5% (46.3-52.8%): 10.2% for HPV 16 and 4.3% for HPV 18. The prevalence increased with increasing immunosuppression. Multiple infections were detected in 26.8%. HR-HPV genotypes were detected in 34.9% of cases with normal cytology, in 77.2% of cases with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASCUS/LSIL) and in 90.8% of cases with high-grade SIL (HSIL). The prevalence of HPV 16 in HSIL was 38.5%, with the three most common types thereafter having prevalence rates of 19.2% (HPV 58), 19.2% (HPV 53) and 16.6% (HPV 52). The overall persistence of any high-risk type was 55.8%. We found that 6 months persistence of HPV 16 occurred in 24 women. Seven cases of high-grade cervical disease developed, and all were associated with initial/persistent HR-HPV positivity. CONCLUSIONS: A wide diversity of HPV types was evident, and multiple infections were common. 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