What is Gastric Residual Volumes (Essay Sample)

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Research Paper on Nutrition/Dietary
Q1: What is Gastric Residual Volumes (GVR)?
GRV (Gastric Residual Volume) is a material liquid or food that remains in a patient’s stomach from a previous feeding and still remains there when the next feeding starts. GRV assessment is used to check the gastric contents given that invariable aspiration of gastric contents can cause pneumonia. When GRV is done, Enteral Nutrition (EN) is reduced, and this may increase the risk of getting pneumonia (Guenter and Silkroski 43).
Q2: Who does it affect the NGT and PEG?
The Nasogastric tube (NGT) is a pipe that is inserted either by way of the nose or through the mouth all the way to the esophagus into the stomach. On the other hand, the percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy (PEG) tube is surgically tucked through the abdominal wall to end up in the stomach. Both NTG and PEG go to the same location, but the NGT is temporary while the PEG tubes are for a long time usage. Both are for introducing food or related substances into the stomach when a patient cannot swallow or take them by mouth. This applies to patients who are demented, unconscious, have facial abnormal features that make eating impossible, and are anorexics among others.
Q3: Who to check the Gastric Residual Volumes?
Clinicians are the persons who are involved in checking the Gastric Residual Volumes. They give patient care by taking into account both secretions originating from within the body as well as exogenous contributions (water flushes, food, medications, and enteral feeding among others) that may also be in the gastric reservoir (Charney and Malone 51).
Q4: What is aspiration pneumonia?
Aspiration pneumonia is an inflammation of both the lungs and bronchial tubes. It occurs as a result of breathing-in foreign substances. It occurs when foreign materials like vomit, liquids, food or fluids from the inside of the mouth are inhaled into the lungs or the bronchial tubes (Cunha 71). This may result to:
Collection of pus inside the lungs (lung abscess)
Inflammation and swelling in the lung
An infection of the lungs (pneumonia)
Q5: How to prevent aspiration pneumonia?
Aspiration pneumonia can be prevented by avoiding behaviors that may cause aspiration such as excessive use of alcohol. It is thus vital to familiarize oneself with the risk of aspiration (Cunha 31).
Q6: For how long a patient can be on NGT? Why and what is the effect when exceed the limit?
A patient should not be on NGT for a prolonged period for various reasons. NGT feeding is a time-proven and classic technique, though if used for a long time can lead to complications such as chronic sinusitis, lesions to the nasal wing, aspiration pneumonia and gastro-oesophageal reflux (Pillai, Vegas and Brister 430).
Q7: Why do most of hospitals prefer NGT rather than PEG?
Most hospitals prefer NGT to PEG because the former is cheaper than the former. There is also increased risk of death in stroke patients with PEG as compared to NGT. NGT should be the preferred method during the initial two to three weeks of external feeding, probably in light of the increased absolute risk of death associated with the use of PEG (Plonk 26).
Q8: What is the complication for both NGT and PEG?
The complications for both NGT and PEG include risk of death, and other adverse events such as aspiration, hemorrhage, pneumonia, wound infection, sinusitis, and fistula.
Q9: What is the normal heart rate for pt with heart disease not as normal pt?
A normal heart rate is between 60 and 80 beats per minute with or without a heart disease. However, during a heart attack, the rate may be altered due to the interference of blood flow. Heart beat in the course of a heart attack can range from too slow or too fast to quivering and even skipped beats. Blockage in the heart often directly influences the type of heart rate (Williams and Wilkins 39).
Q10: What is the important of CHO3- and if it increase or decrease related to?
Research has shown that an increase in CHO3 gives rise to sufficient mucosal flow of blood and blood bicarbonate availability, which are crucial in the prevention of gastric ulceration. The relative importance of these two factors is not yet known. Increased CHO3 also eliminates acidosis and vice versa (Thomas, WebMD).
Q11: Write the indicator for PT, PTT, and D-dimer?
The normal range depicts an average value of healthy people who live in a given area. A prolonged PT shows that blood is taking too much time to clot. This may be as a result of conditions such as vitamin K deficiency, coagulation factor deficiency or liver disease (BQIS/Outreach Fact Sheets 3).
PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time): A prolonged PTT shows that clotting is taking longer to occur than normal. A shortened PTT may occur when coagulation factor VIII is raised. 
D-dimer: A positive D-dimer test result depicts that a higher than ordinary level of fibrin has degraded in the body. It may signify that a clot was formed in the body, but it was broken down, or it could be due to surgery, infection, or injury. Elevated D-dimer can also symbolize liver disease, eclampsia, pregnancy, and some forms of cancer (Hillman et al 111).
Q12: What is osmolarity?
Osmolarity is an assessment of the osmolar concentration of plasma and it is directly proportionate to the number of particles in a litre of solution, expressed as mmol/l. It is drawn from the measured sodium, potassium, glucose and urea concentrations. The osmolarity is undependable in several conditions such as pseudohyponatraemia and HYPERLINK "/search.asp?searchterm=HYPERLIPIDAEMIA"hyperlipidaemia in HYPERLINK "/search.asp?searchterm=NEPHROTIC+SYNDROME"nephrotic syndrome, or hyperproteinaemia (American Association for Clinical Chemistry...