Question And Answers, Dialectical Materialism: Marx And Engels (Essay Sample)

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Question 1: 
The tool by Marx and Engels is dialectical materialism. It looks into the subjects surrounding humanity and the relationship they have with one another in a changing and dynamic environment, as opposed to the suggestions of metaphysical materialism which majors in studying the world and how it affected humans in a non-changing and stagnant isolated environment.
Marxism which was majorly advanced by Marx and is a part of the two works by Marx and Engels suggests that people are divided into two classes. The first class is the bourgeoisie who are made up of those who control the capital which is a means of producing income or other commodities. The second class is the proletariat who on the other hand make the labor accessible. These two are said by Marx and Engels to always struggle against one another in what is called the class struggle.
In my view, it is acceptable that human history is studied from the hard evidence as Marx suggests, on the real experiences by the active men. As men grow over the years, their material possession and the status of their mind changes, this is unlikely for matters like religion, morality and other metaphysics subjects whose change process is minimal or the same over many years.
However, in my view it is unacceptable that entirely metaphysics items do not change, it is my idea that with time, things like religion evolve, separations occur as people take various denominations. Things thought to be immoral in the past also change over the years with civilization and further research. For example, some religions today accept homosexuality and gay marriages which was not the case sometime back. In the same breath, some African countries supported women genital mutilation as a moral standard, but that has changed today with the action being considered immoral.
Question 2: 
Early Modern Europe that existed at the end of the middle ages and through to the renaissance period deepened secularization that had an impact on many factors of the time. Some of the changes that came through this time included the invention of the movable print, formalization of science and its research as well as the start of the French Revolution.
On the economy, secularization brought capitalism that divided people into social classes. This started in the Northern Italian countries such as Venice and Genoa. It later spread to England, France, and Germany. The economy also improved at this time due to the rise of mercantilism which involved an economic policy aimed at improving trade of a country through the accumulation of silver and gold. This was a take over from serfdom and feudalism.
On politics, there emerged law courts, nation-states, and civic politics. People organized themselves in systematic manners to handle their political issues. Courts developed structures for arbitration of conflict among the people. People also got a sense of control of their leaders in the society.
Society and culture changed through the reformation in religion, for example, the rise of Protestants that altered the previous Christendom. There arose an opposition to the Catholic Church as people wanted their various needs to be felt but felt that the Catholic society did not meet those needs. This opposition in society started majorly in Northern Europe. The culture was also altered as people traveled the earth and interacted with people from different cultures, e.g., East and South Asia as well as America.
Science and Technology were majorly advanced by the invention by Gutenberg Johannes of the movable printing machine. This changed the way information was shared in a significant way. Individual letters were put together to form words as had been tapped from China. This technology advancement later gave in to the Industrial and French revolution which saw a massive use of machines and development of industries.
Question 3
The war was religious. It majorly was a religious war between the non-Catholics and the Catholics. The fighting grew worse and caused the political and constitutional crisis. The war began with the new ruler Ferdinand II the ruler of the ancient sovereign (1618-1648).It brought to an end the Roman holy rule and the Hapsburg supremacy, and it made the Catholics go to the south and the Protestant to the north, and also it took the principal authority from the Roman Church. Eventually, it suppressed the religious war by bringing Westphalia peace. It brought a historical landmark and a revolution in politics after the fall of the Holy Roman Empire and Hapsburg. There was religious difference between the Catholics under Ferdinand II and the Protestants. From the beginning there was a bad relationship between the two groups and this led to people fighting in order to protect their space. Sweden, under King Gustav II Adolf and the France which combined to be Franco-Sweden.
The treaty of Westphalia, allowed the smaller religion of the terrain to exercise freely their democracy. It created a base of national self-determination and a return to the principles of the peace of Augsburg. Also the order of Prague where the Catholic and protestant met to make peace .There was a transformation in many of the countries that contributed to this war social wise, politically and religiously, increase in tax, and a decrease in the population was among them.
Question 4
Non-religious affairs were part of the views; religion was divided, Catholic on one side and non-Catholic on the other; everyone had a different perspective on the existence of God. This refers to a conception used to define the onset of modern science in the initial current period when there were advances in biology, mathematics, astronomy, and others transmuting the views of people about nature. Nicolaus Copernicus, an elegant astronomer, writer of the revolt of celestial spheres. This print led to the start of the scientific revolution. Johannes Kepler explored to evidence that planets revolved in an excellent circular shape. After keen observation, he discovered that planets revolved in an elliptical figure. Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, known for his accurate records. A very sharp ob...