Rome, Europe, the Dark Ages, and Islamic Empire (Essay Sample)

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Rome, Europe, the Dark Ages, and Islamic Empire
Introduction
This paper analyzes the fall Europe into the dark ages (middle ages) after the collapse of the Roman Empire while the Islamic world entered into a golden age of learning and culture. In relation to the paper discusses the social, cultural, political and religious factors which accounted for the transformation of a largely Bedouin society into the center of the world learning while the collapse of the roman empire led to nearly a thousand years of backwardness among Europeans.
Analysis
Western medieval studies considered the beginning of the collapse of the Middle Ages the Western Roman Empire at the end of the 5th century (it is believed that the empire ceased to exist on September 4th 1476 , when Romulus Augustulus abdicated), but the "History of Humanity" was held abroad by the time the emergence of Islam. In recent years, medieval studies consider the end of the Middle Ages to the middle or end of the 15 - beginning of 16 centuries. The most correct is to consider both the Middle Ages as a global process, and as a phenomenon that took in each country have its own characteristics and its own period. For example, if the Italian historians consider the beginning of a new time 14th century (Bryce 99–121). It is very difficult to organize in the framework of the European Middle Ages, for example, the history of Asian, African, pre-Columbian America. Differences in the history of the era and the impossibility of using the term Middle Ages to all nations of the world confirm its conditional nature (Woolf 44–58).
The term "Middle Ages" was first introduced by the Italian humanist Flavio Biondo (1453). Until Biondo dominant term for the period since the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the Renaissance was entered by Petrarch term "Dark Ages ", which in modern historiography is more narrow time interval (6th and 8th century). In 15 - 16 centuries, this period of history bore the following names: media tempestas (lat. the mean time, with 1469), media antiquities (Lat. average antiquity; with 1494), medium tempus (lat. the mean time, from 1531 g), saeculum medium (Bryce 99–121).
Humanists intended to identify such a way the border between the era of antiquity, which inspired them, and their contemporary time. Since humanists primarily assessed the state of language, writing, literature and art, this "middle" period seemed to them the epitome of savagery of the ancient world, barbarism and "kitchen" in Latin. In the 17th century, the term "Middle Ages" was introduced into circulation Professor Gallic University Christopher Cellarius (Keller), giving rise to the so-called humanistic tracheotomy. He divided the history of the world to the ancient, medieval and modern times. Keller believed that the Middle Ages lasted from 395 a year (the final division of the Roman Empire into East and West) and up to 1453 (the fall of Constantinople) (Bryce 99–121).
Starting from the second century, the power of the Roman Empire began to wane. Gradually fell into disrepair sea trade and urban development, population growth declined. Constant raids of the barbarians and political crisis weakened the empire. In 410, the Visigoths had taken Rome , and on September 4, 476 years the leader of the Germans Odoacer forced the last Western Roman emperor, 16-year-old Romulus Augustus to abdicate (Woolf 44–58). With the consent of Zeno Odoacer recognized emperor Romulus Augustus West predecessor Emperor Julius Nepos nicknamed 12-secular domination of Rome.
Period of European history, which began soon after the collapse of the Roman Empire, lasted about five centuries (from about 500 to 1000 years). In the early middle Ages, there was a great migration of peoples: there were tribes of the Vikings, having the kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy and the Visigoths in Aquitaine and the Iberian Peninsula, formed the Frankish state, in its heyday occupies a large part of Europe. North Africa and Spain became part of the Arab Caliphate, the British Isles, there were many small states of the Angles, Saxons and the Celts, and there were states in Scandinavia as well as in Central and Eastern Europe: Great Moravia and the Old Russian state (Bryce 99–121).
Great Migration is the code name together ethnic movements in Europe 4 - 7 centuries, mainly from the periphery of the Roman Empire on its territory. This process can be seen as part of global migration processes spanning seven or eight centuries. A characteristic feature of the relocation was the fact that the core of the Western Roman Empire (including especially Italy, Gaul (modern France), Spain and part of Dacia), which went ultimately mass of German immigrants to the beginning of the 5th century BC was already tight enough (Woolf 44–58). Therefore, the great migration of peoples was accompanied by cultural, linguistic, and then the religious conflicts between the German and the Romanized population. Great resettlement laid the foundation of confrontation between the Germanic and Romance nations, in a sense, has come down to the present day. In resettlement actively participated Slavic peoples, Turks, Iranians ( Alans ) and Finno-Ugric tribes. The name "Byzantine Empire" (the city of Byzantium on the site where the Roman Emperor Constantine I the Great at the beginning of the 4th century laid Constantinople) state received in the writings of Western historians after his fall. Sami Byzantines called themselves Romans - in Greek "Romeo" and its power of Roman.
The capital of the Byzantine Empire , Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Turks , led by Sultan Mohd II in Tuesday , 29 May 1453 , the meant the destruction of the Eastern Roman Empire , the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI Dragas fell in battle. The victory ensured the dominance of the Turks in the basin of the Eastern Mediterranean. The city remained the capital of the Ottoman Empire until its collapse in 1922. Although Constantine XI tried to win over all Christians, including Catholics , and strongly defended the union, considering it necessary for the state, he was unable to overcome the opposition sentiment in the country, especially among the middle and junior clergy (Bryce 99–121).
In 16 to 17 centuries, the Ottoman Empire reached its peak of influence during the reign of Suleiman the great, the government used the social and political system in which religious and ethnic minorities were completely independent from the central government. This religious tolerance has led to a small resistance at the time of capture by the Turks new territories (Bryce 99–121). Osman I support all those who have contributed to the achievement of its objectives.
After the death of Osman I the power of the Ottoman Empire began to spread over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans Fall Bursa meant the loss of control of Byzantium on the North-Western Anatolia. In 1352 the Ottomans crossed the Dardanelles , for the first time alone set foot on European ground, capturing the strategically important fortress CSMP (Marks 1–20). Christian states have missed a key point to unite, beat the Turks from Europe, and within a few decades, taking advantage of strife in Byzantium, fragmentation Bulgarian Empire , the Ottomans strengthen and master, conquered most of Thrace (Marks 1–20). In 1387 , after the siege, the Turks captured the largest, after Constantinople , the city of the empire, Thessaloniki (Marks 1–20). Ottoman victory in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 , in fact, put an end to the Serbian authorities in the region and has become a breeding ground for the further implementation of the Ottoman expansion into Europe. Battle of Nicopolis in 1396 is considered the last major crusade of the Middle Ages who were not able to stop the endless offensive Europe hordes of Ottoman Turks. With the expansion of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans, the most important task was the capture of Constantinople by the Turks. The Ottoman Empire for hundreds of kilometers controlled all the land of the former Byzantine surrounding the city. Voltage Byzantines temporarily removed from the depths of the invasion of Asia, another Central Asian ruler Timur in Anatolia, and his victory in the Battle of Ankara in 1402 (Marks 1–20). He captured the sultan himself Bayezid I (Bryce 99–121) (Marks 1–20). The capture of the Turkish sultan led to the collapse of the Ottoman army. In the Ottoman Empire began the interregnum , which lasted from 1402 to 1413 (Marks 1–20). Again opportune moment, which gave a chance to strengthen their forces, was lost and wasted in the civil wars and unrest among themselves Christian powers - the Byzantine Empire , the Bulgarian Kingdom and break the Serbian kingdom (Marks 1–20). Interregnum ended accession of Sultan Mohd I (Pape 21–34).
Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans was lost after 1402 (Thessaloniki, Macedonia , Kosovo , and so on. d.), but once again captured by Murad II in 1430-1450, respectively. November 10, 1444, Murad II, using the numerical superiority, united defeated Hungarian, Polish and Wallachian troops Vladislav III and John Hunyadi in the Battle of Varna (Pape 21–34). Four years later, during the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448 , Murad II defeated the Serbian-Hungarian-Wallachian troops Janos Hunyadi
Ottoman government pursued a strategy for the development of Bursa , Adrianople and Constantinople as major commercial and industrial centers, at different times, is the capital of the state (Pape 21–34). Therefore, Mohd II and his successor Bayezid II encouraged the migration of Jewish artisans and Jewish merchants in Istanbul and other major ports. H...