EU Principle Of Proportionality Mathematics & Economics Paper (Other (Not Listed) Sample)

The Proportionality of State Intervention in the Market Economies of European Countries against the Background of Worldwide Financial and External Public Debt Crises
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The Proportionality of State Intervention in the Market Economies of European Countries against the Background of Worldwide Financial and External Public Debt Crises
Abstract
Foreward
TTable of Contents
Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297646" Foreward PAGEREF _Toc15297646 \h ii HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297647" List of Figures PAGEREF _Toc15297647 \h vii HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297648" List of Tables PAGEREF _Toc15297648 \h viii HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297649" Chapter One: Introduction To The Research PAGEREF _Toc15297649 \h 1 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297650" Study Purpose and Objectives PAGEREF _Toc15297650 \h 6 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297651" Research Overview PAGEREF _Toc15297651 \h 9 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297652" Methodology PAGEREF _Toc15297652 \h 10 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297653" Structure of Research Report PAGEREF _Toc15297653 \h 12 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297654" Summary PAGEREF _Toc15297654 \h 13 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297655" Chapter Two: PAGEREF _Toc15297655 \h 14 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297656" Literature Review – Global Economics Leading Up to and Resulting from the 2007 Economic Crisis PAGEREF _Toc15297656 \h 14 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297657" Events Leading to the Global Recession Commencing in 2007 PAGEREF _Toc15297657 \h 14 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297658" Initial Symptoms and Origins of the Associated Factors PAGEREF _Toc15297658 \h 14 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297659" Historical Influences PAGEREF _Toc15297659 \h 15 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297660" Securitisation PAGEREF _Toc15297660 \h 17 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297661" Mortgage Backed Securities PAGEREF _Toc15297661 \h 19 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297662" Advantages of SPVs PAGEREF _Toc15297662 \h 20 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297663" Financial Markets Immediately Prior to the 2007 Crisis PAGEREF _Toc15297663 \h 21 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297664" Changing Regulation PAGEREF _Toc15297664 \h 25 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297665" Liquidity PAGEREF _Toc15297665 \h 29 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297666" Consequences of the Crisis PAGEREF _Toc15297666 \h 30 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297667" Outline of the Financial Effects PAGEREF _Toc15297667 \h 31 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297668" Economic Effects PAGEREF _Toc15297668 \h 34 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297669" Financial Sector Competition PAGEREF _Toc15297669 \h 39 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297670" Crisis Severity PAGEREF _Toc15297670 \h 41 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297671" Overview PAGEREF _Toc15297671 \h 41 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297672" The Crisis in Europe PAGEREF _Toc15297672 \h 41 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297673" Securitisation Trends in EU PAGEREF _Toc15297673 \h 49 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297674" Initial European Reaction PAGEREF _Toc15297674 \h 53 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297675" The EU Crisis Timeline PAGEREF _Toc15297675 \h 55 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297676" The Crisis in Different European Countries PAGEREF _Toc15297676 \h 58 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297677" Northern Europe PAGEREF _Toc15297677 \h 58 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297678" Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain (PIIGS) PAGEREF _Toc15297678 \h 64 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297679" Eastern Europe PAGEREF _Toc15297679 \h 69 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297680" Chapter Three: PAGEREF _Toc15297680 \h 64 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297681" Interventions by Governments PAGEREF _Toc15297681 \h 64 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297682" Options for Government Intervention PAGEREF _Toc15297682 \h 64 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297683" Intervention in Markets PAGEREF _Toc15297683 \h 64 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297684" Market Failure PAGEREF _Toc15297684 \h 66 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297685" Intervention by Taxation and Subsidies PAGEREF _Toc15297685 \h 67 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297686" Intervention by Regulation and Legislation PAGEREF _Toc15297686 \h 67 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297687" Fiscal Policy Intervention PAGEREF _Toc15297687 \h 69 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297688" Intervention by Monetary Policies PAGEREF _Toc15297688 \h 72 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297689" Intervention in Banks PAGEREF _Toc15297689 \h 76 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297690" EU Government Intervention PAGEREF _Toc15297690 \h 77 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297691" EU Subsidiarity and Proportionality PAGEREF _Toc15297691 \h 77 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297692" Chapter Four: PAGEREF _Toc15297692 \h 92 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297693" Research Methods PAGEREF _Toc15297693 \h 92 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297694" Research Design, Research Philosophy and Research Strategy PAGEREF _Toc15297694 \h 93 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297695" Research Design PAGEREF _Toc15297695 \h 93 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297696" Research Methodology PAGEREF _Toc15297696 \h 99 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297697" Data Gathering PAGEREF _Toc15297697 \h 99 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297698" Reliability and Validity PAGEREF _Toc15297698 \h 103 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297699" Ethics PAGEREF _Toc15297699 \h 104 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297700" Limitations PAGEREF _Toc15297700 \h 105 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297701" Summary PAGEREF _Toc15297701 \h 105 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297702" Chapter Five: PAGEREF _Toc15297702 \h 106 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297703" Overview of EC Responses to the Global Economic Crisis PAGEREF _Toc15297703 \h 106 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297704" Overview of EC Response to the 2007–2008 Crisis PAGEREF _Toc15297704 \h 106 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297705" Financial Reform PAGEREF _Toc15297705 \h 107 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297706" Financial Stabilisation PAGEREF _Toc15297706 \h 114 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297707" Enhancing Economic Governance PAGEREF _Toc15297707 \h 120 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297708" Generating Economic Growth PAGEREF _Toc15297708 \h 129 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297709" 5.3The Major Eurozone Crises 2015 to 2018: Case Studies Greece, Italy and UK PAGEREF _Toc15297709 \h 131 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297710" Greece PAGEREF _Toc15297710 \h 132 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297711" Greece in the Eurozone 2007–2014 PAGEREF _Toc15297711 \h 132 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297712" Greek Crisis 2015 PAGEREF _Toc15297712 \h 134 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297713" Greece 2018-2019 PAGEREF _Toc15297713 \h 139 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297714" Italy PAGEREF _Toc15297714 \h 140 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297715" The Threat to the EU and the Eurozone from Italy PAGEREF _Toc15297715 \h 140 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297716" The United Kingdom: Brexit PAGEREF _Toc15297716 \h 143 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297717" Chapter 6: PAGEREF _Toc15297717 \h 139 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297718" EU Initiatives PAGEREF _Toc15297718 \h 139 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297719" The Economic Recovery Plan PAGEREF _Toc15297719 \h 139 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297720" Details of the Plan PAGEREF _Toc15297720 \h 139 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297721" EU 2020 Growth Strategy PAGEREF _Toc15297721 \h 143 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297722" The EU Compact for Growth and Jobs and Youth Initiatives PAGEREF _Toc15297722 \h 143 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297723" Monitoring the ERP and 2020 Strategy PAGEREF _Toc15297723 \h 145 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297724" External Assessment of ERP PAGEREF _Toc15297724 \h 147 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297725" The EU Single Market PAGEREF _Toc15297725 \h 149 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297726" The EU Single Market: Drivers for Growth PAGEREF _Toc15297726 \h 149 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297727" Investment for Growth PAGEREF _Toc15297727 \h 150 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297728" Investment for Growth in Greece PAGEREF _Toc15297728 \h 151 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297729" Chapter 7: PAGEREF _Toc15297729 \h 152 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297730" Effects of Government Intervention PAGEREF _Toc15297730 \h 152 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297731" Overview of the Effects of State Intervention on Employment and Growth PAGEREF _Toc15297731 \h 152 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297732" Unemployment and Economic Growth Trends PAGEREF _Toc15297732 \h 152 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297733" Portugal and Exemplar for Success of Austerity Strategy PAGEREF _Toc15297733 \h 155 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297734" The Beveridge Curve as an Employment Indicator PAGEREF _Toc15297734 \h 156 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297735" Impact of Uncertainty on Unemployment PAGEREF _Toc15297735 \h 157 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297736" Intervention Austerity Measures, Problems and Effects PAGEREF _Toc15297736 \h 158 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297737" Economic Cycles, Policies and Effect on Economic Growth PAGEREF _Toc15297737 \h 158 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297738" State Intervention and the Problems It Caused PAGEREF _Toc15297738 \h 161 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297739" Portugal PAGEREF _Toc15297739 \h 161 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297740" Spain PAGEREF _Toc15297740 \h 164 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297741" Italy PAGEREF _Toc15297741 \h 168 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297742" Conclusions PAGEREF _Toc15297742 \h 176 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297743" Principle of Proportionality PAGEREF _Toc15297743 \h 181 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15297744" Bibliography PAGEREF _Toc15297744 \h 183 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15282412" Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.Foreward PAGEREF _Toc15282412 \h 2 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15282413" Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.List of Figures PAGEREF _Toc15282413 \h iv HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15282414" Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.List of Tables PAGEREF _Toc15282414 \h v HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15282415" Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.Table 1. Budget Surplus (Deficit) as Percentage of GDP52 PAGEREF _Toc15282415 \h v HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15282416" Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.C PAGEREF _Toc15282416 \h 1 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15282417" Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.hapter One PAGEREF _Toc15282417 \h 1 HYPERLINK \l "_Toc15282418" Error! Hyperlink reference not valid...