Biology Research Assignment About Artificial Cells (Research Paper Sample)

Artificial cells allow to combine properties of biological systems for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Artificial cell is an attempt to mimic some of the biological processes of a real cell, it may ultimately prove most useful as a partial substitute for animal cells.
Researchers around the world has since expanded the basic principle of artificial cells into very large areas of uses around the world. A few examples are as follows.
1 Nanomedicine: is one of the many areas that came from his invention of artificial cells (Artificial Cells: the beginning of Nanomedicince /artcell/nanobk_ch1.pdf ) He was the first to use nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology to prepare artificial cells containing biologically active material with 10- 20 nanometer membrane thickness polymers, cross-linked proteins or other membranes. He was also the first to prepare soluble nanobiotechnological complexes. Nanomedicine is now a large area and extensively developed around the world. His peers name him honorary president of the Int Soc Nanomedical Sciences.
2 Micro based miniature device: Hemoperfusion: While waiting for world interest in biotechnology, Chang first used nanotechnology of ultrathin polymeric membrane artificial cells containing adsorbents for hemoperfusion. His clinical trials in patients resulted in FDA approval. This has since been used routinely in patients for acute poisoning and detoxification around the world especially where the cost is reasonable. Extensions have resulted in immunosorbent hemoperfusion for immunological diseases like Lupus etc.
3 Blood substitutes: HIV contaminated blood in the 1980s led many groups to develop his basic research on nanobiotechnology based polyhemoglobin as blood substitutes. This has been developed by 2 groups and tested clinically in the U.S. and is now approved for routine use in South Africa and Russia where there is still problem related to H.I.V. contaminated donor blood. His group is now working on a more complete 3rd generation system with enhancement of all 3 functions of red blood cells. In animal study in a 90 min sustained severe hemorrhagic shock model this is superior to whole blood. Peer recognition has resulted in his being appointed the Honorary Symposium President of the biannual International Symposia on Blood Substitutes including the most recent ones: 2011 XIII Harvard, Boston, 2013 XIV Blood Transfusion Institute, China , 2015 XV Lund Sweden and 2017 XVI Montreal.
4 Delivery systems: Many groups have also extended his idea of artificial cells for use in nanomedicine based drug delivery systems and they call these artificial cells as microcapsules, microparticles, nanocapsules, nanoparticles, liposomes, polymersomes etc. Artificial cells can now be prepared in the micro, nano or soluble nanodimension complexes. His earlier work on biodegradable polymeric peptide delivery system has now been developed around the world especially in the nano dimensions. Jiang’s group in Peking University uses the basic principle for biodegradable polymeric gro...