Essay Available:
You are here: Home → Statistics Project → Mathematics & Economics
Pages:
4 pages/≈1100 words
Sources:
8 Sources
Level:
Harvard
Subject:
Mathematics & Economics
Type:
Statistics Project
Language:
English (U.S.)
Document:
MS Word
Date:
Total cost:
$ 19.44
Topic:
Econometrics Using STATA: Box Jenkins Approach To Building ARMA Models (Statistics Project Sample)
Instructions:
Conduct arima modelling using stata. for question i supposed to discuss the Box-Jenkins approach to building ARMA models after this, i was to build an arma model for the given data set using stata.
source..Content:
CPI ECONOMETRICS MODELLING
By
1 Box-Jenkins approach to building ARMA models
Box and Jenkins popularized the approach of using the moving average and the autoregressive model (Baum, 2006). Although in the beginning, the autoregressive and moving average models were already known, Box and Jenkins, introduced a systematic idea for estimating models that incorporates both approaches (Perez-Truglia, 2009). Therefore, the Box-Jenkins ARMA model is a combination of the Autoregressive model and the Moving Average model as shown below:
yt=a0+a1yt-1+a2yt-2…apyt-p-b1ut-1-b2ut-2-…-bqut-q+ut
There are three-core stages in building a Box-Jenkins time series model: model identification, model estimation, and model validation (Cameron and Trivedi, 2010). The class of ARMA models is quite robust; therefore, a researcher must decide which model is the most appropriate during the model identification phase. Model estimation is fitting the model using the least squares method and finally, the model is validated by carrying out a normality test of the residues to ensure there is no white noise (Moody, 2009).
2 Calculate the logarithmic change of the series
∆cpit=cpit-cpit-1
Where cpit=ln(CPIt)
* In a stationary series, statistical properties such as the mean, variance, and autocorrelation remain constant over time. Most statistical models are based on the assumption that all the variables can be stationarized (Baum, 2006). Figure 1 below is a graph of the natural log of the consumer price index. As it can be seen, the data at this point is not stationary since it does not create a bell shaped (Perez-Truglia, 2009). Figure 2 is a graph of the first difference of the log, which is normally shaped, implying the data is stationary.
Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1: Graph for the log of cpi
Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2a: Histogram for the logarithmic difference of cpi
Figure 2b: Time series graph for log difference of CPI
* The auto-correlation function (ACF) of a stationary process at lag h; ρxh=Corr(Xt,Xt-h) measures the linear dependency between the process variables Xt and Xt-h. However, the intermediate variables Xs, where t-h
Process
ACF
PACF
White noise
Statistically insignificant coefficients
Statistically insignificant coefficients
AR(2)
Declines gradually based on a geometric equation
The first 2 coefficients are significant, all others are insignificant
MA(1)
The first ACF are significant while all others are insignificant
Slowly declining graph or sinusoid
ARMA(2,1)
Slowly decaying graph ACF
Geometrically decreasing graph PACF
* Exploring the Autocorrelation function and partial autocorrelation graphs revels two key points. The Autocorrelation function is declining geometrically though does not behave very well after the eighth lag and the partial autocorrelation function has a sharp cut off after three lags (Moody, 2009). This might suggest a good Box-Jenkins model process to use in this case is an autoregressive model or order 3 AR (3). Figure 3 is a graph for the autocorrelation function for the variable ∆cpit. According to the graph, the ACF dies off slowly and since the ACF is significantly different from zero by lag (12), then we can conclude that there is no white noise (Burke, 2009).
Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3: ACF
Figure 4 shows the trend in the PACF. The data shows that the PACF is non-zero for the first few lags that is when considering lags before 12. Again, this suggests that an Autoregressive model would be the best fit for this data (Wooldridge, 2015).
Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 4: PACF
* Table 1 below shows the approximation for ∆cpit over the period 1960Q1 to 2009Q4. Examining the data shows that the AR coefficients are significant from order (0, 0) to (3, 3) at the 0.005 significance level. Looking at the MA coefficients shows they are significant except for ARMA (1,2), ARMA (3,2) and ARMA (3,3) at the 0.005 significance level. The Wald test is used to determine whether explanatory variables in a model are significant (Burke, 2009). Table (1) shows the values for the Wald test and their significance level. According to the data, the variables are significant at the 0.005 level, p-value=0. Finally, the likelihood ratio test is used to evaluate the difference between nested models (Chen, 2010). These values can be used to test what happens when two models are nested together.
Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1: Model selection
ARMA (p,q)
Coefficients
P-value
Log-likelihood
Wald-Chisq
AIC
BIC
AR(1)
ar
0.754
0.000
769.6936
380.04
-1533.387
-1523.507
AR(2)
ar
0.649
0.000
739.9211
313.9
-1473.842
-1463.962
AR(3)
ar
0.663
0.000
743.4247
387.87
-1480.849
-1470.969
MA(1)
ma
0.663
0.000
740.4898
145.03
-1474.98
-1465.1
MA(2)
ma
0.420
0.000
717.7038
89.23
-1429.408
-1419.528
MA(3)
ma
0.538
0.000
723.7384
110.8
-1441.477
-1431.597
ARMA(1,1)
ar
0.914
0.000
777.1267
1122.4
-1546.253
-1533.08
ma
-0.421
0.000
ARMA(1,2)
ar
0.837
0.000
772.4422
668.32
-1536.884
-1523.711
ma
-0.212
0.030
ARMA(1,3)
ar
0.687
0.000
777.7114
321.45
-1547.423
-1534.25
ma
0.275
0.000
ARMA(2,1)
ar
0.552
0.000
770.1007
286.08
-1532.201
-1519.028
ma
0.789
0.000
ARMA(2,2)
ar
0.866
0.000
747.5864
535.33
-1487.173
-1474
ma
-0.400
0.000
ARMA(2,3)
ar
0.537
0.000
744.9912
266.14
-1481.982
-1468.809
ma
0.244
0.000
ARMA(3,1)
ar
0.553
0.000
769.2345
548.42
-1530.469
-1517.296
ma
0.450
0.000
ARMA(3,2)
ar
0.570
0.000
746.983
395.27
-1485.966
-1472.793
ma
0.219
0.031
ARMA(3,3)
ar
0.751
0.000
744.4003
372.02
-1480.801
-1467.627
ma
-0.157
0.070
All the coefficients were significant at the 0.05 levels expect for ARMA (3, 3) where the moving average coefficient is insignificant with a p-value of 0.07. AIC and SBIC are flexible measures used to determine which model is of best fit (Asteriou and Hall, 2015). In order to choose a model based on the AIC and SBIC measure, we choose the model with the lowest value. Based on these values, the prefe...
Get the Whole Paper!
Not exactly what you need?
Do you need a custom essay? Order right now: