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Annotated Bibliography: Drug Trafficking and Organised Crime in Afghanistan (1980 – Present) (Annotated Bibliography Sample)
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JUSTICE AND CRIME IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD
Annotated Bibliography: Drug Trafficking and Organised Crime in Afghanistan (1980 – Present)
This article critically analyses the involvement of the Taliban in the Afghanistan drug trade, highlighting how the change of regime changed their level and capacity of involvement. The article traces the issues of drug trafficking to the 1980s with the increased cultivation of Opium and how the emergence of the Taliban in 1994 sanctified drug cultivation and trafficking. source..
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Annotated Bibliography: Drug Trafficking and Organised Crime in Afghanistan (1980 – Present)
Azizi, H. (2024). 'The nature and extent of the Taliban's involvement in the drug trade before and after the regime change (1994–2022): Insights from experts', Small Wars & Insurgencies, pp. 1–29. doi:10.1080/09592318.2024.2381847.
This article critically analyses the involvement of the Taliban in the Afghanistan drug trade, highlighting how the change of regime changed their level and capacity of involvement. The article traces the issues of drug trafficking to the 1980s with the increased cultivation of Opium and how the emergence of the Taliban in 1994 sanctified drug cultivation and trafficking. The validity and reliability of the article lie in the expertise of the author, a law and government professor. It is relevant to the selected case study because it gives a deep insight into how changes in the country's governance have impacted the drug menace, including policies enacted to curb it.
Bewley-Taylor, D. (2013) 'Drug trafficking and organized crime in Afghanistan: Corruption, Insecurity and the Challenges of Transition' The RUSI Journal, 158(6), pp. 6–17. doi:10.1080/03071847.2013.869719.
Bewley-Taylor discusses the long-lasting problems of drug trafficking and organized crime in Afghanistan, highlighting how these two are interlinked, threatening the security of the country. Despite the obvious consequences of the rise in the drug trade, current policies and laws have not been successful in curbing the menace because of factors such as corruption, unstable government, especially with the transition, and increased insecurity. The author is a doctor of philosophy at the Political and Cultural Studies Department of Swansea University and is, therefore, an expert in crime and criminal law. The article is relevant for the case study as it explains the impacts of drug trafficking and organized crime and the policies that have been put in place to address the problem.
Bojicic-Dzelilovic, V. et al. (2015) 'Organised crime and international aid subversion: Evidence from Colombia and Afghanistan,' Third World Quarterly, 36(10), pp. 1887–1905. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1070664.
This article explores the connection between organized crime and international aid subversion, detailing how a lack of understanding of the dynamics of organized crime leads to failed responses. Citing the cases of Afghanistan and Columbia, the authors argue that organized crime is embedded in the local politics and economy rather than international connections made possible by globalization. The authors are experts in political science from the London School of Economics and political science, pointing to the quality and reliability of the article. The article will significantly contribute to the case study because it examines the role of organized crime in local power and politics while explaining the indirect role of globalization.
Demirbüken, H., Mili, H. and Le Cussan, R. (2011) The Global Afghan Opium Trade: A threat assessment, 2011. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
This report gives statistical and policy analysis of the Afghan opium trade, highlighting how lack of political stability and corruption have made it challenging to enforce drug policies in the country. It further acknowledges the critical role globalization plays in the Afghan drug and crime markets with the opening of national and regional boundaries. Accordingly, the drug market has thrived through the traditional trade routes, with Africa offering a cheaper, more convenient, and more accessible route to the West due to poor law enforcement, corruption, and poverty. The publication is authored by experts, consultants, researchers, and other scholars in the field, and it will be critical in explaining the role played by globalisation in the opium trade and drug policies.
Fazli, S. (2023).The impact of Afghanistan's drug trade on its neighbors: The case of Pakistan, Iran and Tajikistan, SOC ACE. Available at: https://www.socace-research.org.uk/publications/socace-rp25-afg-drug-trade-on-neighbours (Accessed: 30 October 2024).
Fazli views Afghanistan's drug trade on a regional level, pointing out the role played by neighboring countries as well as how these countries are affected by the trade. In doing so, the article rejects the notion of relying on local policies to address the issue but instead proposes multifaceted strategies involving all countries that form part of the route and markets. According to the author, addressing the problem will require more than just law enforcement; it will also need social and economic development. Fazli is an expert in political and security affairs and has served in different international organisations, including United Nations. The article will help examine how cross-border policies can help address the Afghan drug trade.
Griffiths, H., Gosling, J. and Gercke, M. (2010).The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
This is an assessment of the interconnectedness of globalization and crime, analyzing how organized crimes, including drug trafficking, should not be viewed as an individual or group's isolated case but rather an illegal activity made possible by international factors. International laws should be applied to address the problems effectively because, as the authors emphasize, the problem is not the country or the groups but the dynamics on the global stage that make trafficking possible. The authors of these documents are experts in peace and security working with the Stockholm Peace Research Institute. The publication is relevant for the case study because it reveals how geopolitical boundaries help organized crime thrive and how to eliminate it.
Heine, J. and Thakur, R. (2011).The Dark Side of Globalization. New York: United Nations University Press.
Heine and Thakur examine the negative consequences of globalization, explaining how it has led to an increase in drug and human trafficking and organized crimes. However, the book notes that globalization is not the problem; it is the lack of effective governance. Globalization creates winners and losers, and while winners celebrate and take their earnings home, losers find ways to survive on the global stage, including joining the black markets of drug trafficking and organized crimes, as in the case of Afghanistan. Various responses from local and international governments and civil societies are analyzed in the book. Both Heine and Thakur are professors of political science and international relations. The book will contribute significantly by explaining why organized crime thrives in globalization and how society responds to the issue.
Perdomo, C. et al. (2016) Protecting Politics : Deterring the Influence of Organised Crime on Local Democracy. Stockholm, Sweden: Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime.
This report looks at organized crime, including drug trafficking, as an ingredient of failed local politics and administration. Notably, organized crime is closely connected to local politics, something which threatens democracy. While globalization may play a role in the trade for drugs and routes for other crimes, the problem lies in the local governance; therefore, the authors explain how, if left unchecked, organized crimes could lead to punitive governments, with Afghanistan being a good example. If these crimes are to be addressed effectively, the solution should be local, starting with corrupt and dictatorship individuals and regimes. The report is relevant to the case study because it explains how Afghanistan's government and leaders have contributed to the unending organized crimes before looking at the global enablers.
Rotman, E. (2000) 'The Globalization of Criminal Violence', Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, 10(1), pp. 1–44.
Rotman introduces the concept of crimes against globalization, where individuals or gr...
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