Non Parametric statistics (Essay Sample)

Non Parametric Statistics Name University Non Parametric Statistics Analysis of statistical data is a fundamental aspect in developmental research. Presentation and analysis of data results often follow the identification of the different variables and how they relate in a study. Displaying statistical results is a major factor that any researcher takes into consideration. It is important to note that the presentation of any results determines the acceptability and also ensures that the reader is informed adequately on the procedures and the details that the investigation procedure entailed. With this in mind, it is imperative that an investigator presents the findings based on a critical examination of the collected data using universally acknowledged and accepted data analysis tools. In most cases, parametric and non parametric statistical analysis tools are employed. However the results vary. Statistics refers to a characteristic of a given sample of study. Most importantly, persons consider these in terms of the mean, median and the standard deviation of a study population. On the contrary, a statistical parameter focuses on the entire characters of the population. In essence, the parameters of a statistical analysis encompass an analysis and adoption of the results of a study such as the descriptive or inferential procedures that the researcher uses in the presentation of the research data. Displaying results is indeed a major determinant of the outcome of the research findings. As a matter of fact, scholars base this on the need to have a complete and effectively analyzed set of data. With this in mind, it is imperative that a researcher considers the statistical procedures that will ultimately result in the effective presentation of the data and also demonstrate a different level of analysis of the research content. In most cases, statistical analysis using SPSS involves the use of different tests. These include the use of analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi square tests and regression analysis among others. In this discussion, the fundamental aspect is to exemplify the research data obtained from different studies using two major data analysis procedures. The analysis focuses on data sets presented from two studies on the relationship and similarities between man and dogs. Most importantly, the analytical tools used are distinct. In the first case, the analysis employs Mann Whitney tests while the second case involves application of Friedman’s ANOVA. Cross species differences and similarities in different organisms have often driven researchers and psychologists to research. Notably, the merits of using Mann Whitney U test is that it enables the investigator to draw different conclusions on the data sets obtained in a research study depending on the assumptions that the examiner sets forth. In most cases, the analysis of the hypothesis informs this task. However, the null hypothesis drives the researcher into drawing the conclusions. In Smart Alex’s solutions, the researchers focused on identifying the relationship between the behaviors of men as compared to that of dogs. In the end, the results obtained from twenty sample observations over a twenty four hour period demonstrated the similarities and differences in behavior. The following results emanate from the SPSS analysis. To begin with, the significance levels of the results are at 0.05. It is imperative to note that the scrutiny of the results demonstrates the need to identify the null hypothesis that the researchers set at the beginning of the study. In consideration, the hypothesis informs that the distribution of dog like behavior is similar across the different species studied. As presented in the following SPSS output, it is observable that the relationship between the two species in terms of behavior has significant results.
Further examinations of the different variables that the research study encompassed are evident in the analysis of the independent variable using the Mann-Whitney U test. Considering the two species, it is identifiable that for man, the frequency and tendency to demonstrate dog like behavior is comparatively similar to that of dogs. In essence, the results indicate that man and dogs have somewhat identical characteristics. The researchers elaborate and exemplify this observation adequately in the analysis of the independent samples using Mann-Whitney U test. The figure below presents this information effectively.
An analysis of the results indicates that the differences observed are attributable to a number of factors. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the results before presentation. Employing comparative statistics, the median range of the research data is elemental. For example, for men, the investigators noted that the Mdn for the data set to be at 27 and that of dogs at 24. In essence, this is an indication of significant results in the amount of similarities in dog like behavior for the two species. The Z-score statistic of the data set indicates that the effect size is -0.02 for the forty observations the researchers explored. Based on this minimal effect size, it is possible to conclude that the similarities between man and dogs in behavior are minimal. Based on the findings of the Z-score, it is imperative to note that the results do not indicate any significant differences in the extent of dog like behavior in men and dogs. This is notable in the following; Men (Mdn = 27) and dogs (Mdn = 24) and also in the fact that U = 194.5, ns, z = −0.15. The Friedman’s ANOVA is another analytical tool mostly applied in the analysis of data sets. Scholars have studied the effects of watching television programs in the recent past. In the eastenders data set, it is possible to examine critically the effects and the relationships that some television programs have on the viewer. Using Friedman’s analysis of two way variance, the examiners observed the following results.
The analysis emphasized entirely on the ranks in three different television programs namely, eastenders, friends and national geographic. In consideration, the frequency varies significantly as the ranks. Most importantly, the asymptotic significance of a two sided test gives a 0.023 level. The results indicate that the ranks are comparatively higher for the sample subject after watching eastenders as compared to those watching national geographic and friends. Further analysis using Chi -square tests demonstrate the significance levels and the authenticity of the null hypothesis. This is observable in the asymptotic significance levels against the three variables. For eastend, the level is at 0.04, while for friends the level is at 0.29 while and in the national geographic, the level is at 0.18. Organization of information and the presentation model are of great significance in any research analysis. Most importantly, it ...