Describe Social Behavior In Hippocampal Neuropeptide-Y (Essay Sample)

Social behavior in Hippocampal Neuropeptide-Y
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Social behavior in Hippocampal Neuropeptide-Y
Simple social interactions are observed in different kinds of mammals. Hippocampal neuropeptide-Y in social amoebae and social bacteria contributes social interaction. The recent research regarding transgenic mice contradicts because it dual roles of drosophila neuropeptide-Y. Neurons are of significance in the regulation of social behaviors and larval foraging. Studies indicate that drosophila NPY demonstrates a conserved role in complex behaviors (Reichmann & Holzer, 2016). Innate social behavior plays a vital role in the following activities;
* Maternal behaviors
* Mating and courtship
* Aggression towards intruders
* Complex interactions especially those that involves larger animals.
Animals change behavior as they mature. For example, birds acquire song, adolescent mammals initiate courtship rituals, human infants develop languages and honey bees change from hiving to foraging. The understanding of neutral and molecular mechanisms behind behavioral modifications at development is of essence in future. The use of simple organisms like C. elegans, a nematode worm and D. melanogaster, a fruit fly illustrates social relation in Hippocampal Neuropeptide-Y since both animals exhibit complex behaviors that present molecular, genetic, genomic as well as neurobiological tools (Reichmann & Holzer, 2016). The molecular pathways and genes discovered share similar roles as those of vertebrates. The neutral and molecular components behaviors reveal many building blocks elaborates behavior patterns. Genes, neutral circuits and molecular pathways were discovered to be controlling learning, foraging as well as social behaviors in flies and worms.
Hippocampal neuropeptide-Y regulates multiple behaviors in mammals such as feeding, fear, responsiveness to stress, and anxiety. However, the results on NPY in mice fail to support the above functions. The function of Drosophila receptor and homolog of NPY in social behaviors and foraging that larva exhibits signals a developmentally regulated function. Therefore, drosophila larvae do two things; searching for population site by wandering and foraging in search of food (Schmeltzer et al., 2016). Foraging larvae uses mouth hooks to feed as they move through the rotten fruit, feeding substrate. After the larvae surpasses a certain minimum size, it stops foraging and switches to a wandering behavior. The switch involves a surge in hormones especially steroid ecdysone. Wandering behavior increases locomotion and minimizes feeding. When wandering ends, burrowing behavior occurs. With burrowing the larvae gathers in groups to exhibit a social behavior.
Hippocampal neuropeptide-Y plays a critical role in maintaining a Drosophila larvae foraging behavior since NPY affects food-related behavior especially in mammals. Studies hypothesize that hippocampal neuropeptide-Y have higher foraging stage and slightly reduced wandering larvae stage. Ecdysone also plays a role critical in hippocampal neuropeptide-Y mediated behaviors. High hippocampal neuropeptide-Y in the CNS encourages downregulation as well as feeding which induces the wandering state (Schmeltzer et al., 2016). For instance, hippocampal neuropeptide-Y causes immunostaining pattern in the proto-cerebral neurons of the brain which triggers premature onset of wandering behavior among the foraging aged larvae. The cell ablation affects molecules thus causing neurons to trigger social behavioral change. Therefore, overexpression of hippocampal neuropeptide-Y in the nervous system contributes to social changes.
The expression of dnpfr1 and dnpf patterns expresses potential circuit that signals npf in the CNS. Hippocampal neuropeptide-Y neurons extend the axons to the larval brain and to the ventral chord (De Bono & Bargmann, 1998). The cells that express hippocampal neuropeptide-Y receptors are in the abdominal and sub esophageal ganglia. Such cells modulate the abdominal and head muscles activities involved in the larval foraging and feeding behavior. Future neurophysiological and morphological analysis are vital in understanding social behavior in Hippocampal neuropeptide-Y.
The natural variation in social behavior can be attributed to the genetic differences that exists between individual species. Different inbred species of mice have aggressive, sexual behaviors and maternal that characterizes a specific strain (Schmeltzer et al., 2016). Studies also indicates that identical human twins share numerous personality traits such as shyness due to their similar genetic components. Therefore, genetic composition influences the social behaviors in mammals. The genes that causes natural behavioral variability tends to be largely unknown. Solitary and social wild strains have behavioral differences more so in their food.
Neuropeptide Y receptors have typical G prot...