M4A1 Midterm Exam: Moral Guidelines And Discretions (Essay Sample)

M4A1 MIDTERM EXAM
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M4A1 Midterm exam
Question 1
All religions provide the believers with moral guidelines and discretions on how to lead their lives. For instance, the religious book of both Christians and Jews contain the Ten Commandments which advise them on the best directions to follow while at the same time abolishing certain behaviors. Besides, all religious systems believe in the existence of a rational God whose authority is beyond human questioning. All religious systems provide that God expects human beings to abide by certain moral standards commonly called religious ethics formed on the basis of knowledge of good and evil (Kujawa-Holbrook, 2014). 
Question 2
There are three approaches often used to explain peoples’ behavior namely developmental, learning, and biological behavior. Expounding on learning behavior, it can be argued that individuals tend to get influence from their surroundings and thus act according to what they are commonly exposed to. Besides, genes and environment interact to dictate a person’s behavior. This human behavior is founded on the fact that one tends to act the way their parents or another person in their lineage was behaving. On the other hand, the developmental-behavioral approach is applied when young people with behavioral infirmities like learning difficulties undergo training under the care of specialists like Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrician. During the process, they are counseled and subjected to scrutiny which enables them to adopt the required behavior.
Question 3
Distributive justice is impartiality owed by a given society to its members, including the just and fair distribution of common recompenses and sharing of problems the community is prone to. It addresses what some members consider to be socially just in regard to the allocation of community resources. It is founded to ensure equality and fairness in the distribution of societal goods. On the other hand, corrective justice also called restorative justice is the idea that liberty remedies the discrimination exacted by an individual to another. However, it applies whenever distributive justice is distorted or tampered with, for example when somebody commits a crime; the judge advocate applies restorative justice to restore the pre-existing distributive condition (Armstrong, 2012). 
Question 4
Most of the ethical dilemmas that law enforcers like police officers encounter derive from the powers of discretion. Individual attitudes towards such groups like homosexuals, women, and tribal groups can alter an officer's decision-making. For instance, in the U.S, the African-Americans were more likely than whites to be handled with disrespect; the officer’s demeanor or state of mind corresponded to how he would treat the wrongdoer. Use of force and coercion is another element of police work that often subjects them to ethical dilemmas. In some instances, the police officers can apply forceful methods of investigation which might force the suspect to make false confessions. Moreover, investigative practices employed by police officers can be categorized into two that is proactive and reactive investigations. In proactive investigation, the police endeavor to gather evidence by involving informants. In a reactive search, the police undertake to get the perpetrator deemed to have committed a crime (Goodman, 2007). In proactive search, the ethical challenges start immediately since there is the question of who and why to investigate. For instance, a police officer left with the responsibility to conduct an inquiry into agate a may be challenged on who the suspects are and on what grounds will he base his arguments to prove that they are the criminals.
Question 5
Police officers misconduct and corruption are both misuse of the authority bestowed upon them. The commonest forms of malpractices among the policemen include excessive use of deadly force, discriminatory charges, biased law enforcement practices, and physical or verbal harassment. Police corruption occurs when the officers abuse power for the own individual advantage...