Physiology Of Diabetes Mellitus And Insipidus Research (Essay Sample)

Diabetes
Name of student
University
20 October 2017
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
There are three types of diabetes mellitus namely; type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is as a result of destruction of beta cells by the immune system. The deficiency of beta cells in the pancreas leads to inadequate insulin and presence of anti-islet cell antibodies in the blood system CITATION Man17 \l 1033 (Mandal 2017).
Type 2 diabetes is caused by low levels of insulin and not total deficiency. This means that the body cannot produce sufficient insulin, a condition that leads to deficiency of beta cells and peripheral insulin resistance CITATION Man17 \l 1033 (Mandal 2017). Peripheral insulin resistance is a state where there is high levels of insulin and absence of hypoglycemia in the blood.
Gestational diabetes is mainly caused by extreme levels of counter insulin hormones during pregnancy which leads to high blood sugar and insulin resistance. This condition can damage insulin receptors CITATION Man17 \l 1033 (Mandal 2017).
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is caused by unstable antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels. ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and stored by the pituitary glands. It regulates excretion of fluids from the blood stream by affecting the aquaporins which control permeability of transmembrane vessels CITATION Man17 \l 1033 (Mandal 2017).
Differences between Diabetes Mellitus and Insipidus
Diabetes mellitus is a pancreatic disorder caused by deficiency of insulin while diabetes insipidus is a hypothalamic disorder caused by deficiency in ADHCITATION Hue17 \l 1033 (Huether and McCance 2017). There is occurrence of ketone bodies in the blood of diabetes mellitus patients but absent in diabetes insipidus patients. Urine in the case of diabetes mellitus is of normal concentration although it is very dilute in diabetes insipidus. Rise in blood cholesterol and glucose level which result to higher rates of excretion are clear in diabetes mellitus although they do not occur in insipidus CITATION Ham14 \l 1033 (Hammer and McPhee 2014). Mellitus is also characterized by excessive hunger which is unlike normal eating habits in diabetes insipidus.
Similarities between Diabetes Mellitus and Insipidus
Diabetes mellitus patients often experience excessive fatigue due to high or low levels of blood sugar while fatigue in diabetes insipidus result from inadequate hydration CITATION Ham14 \l 1033 (Hammer and McPhee 2014). Excessive thirsty in diabetes mellitus is caused by high glucose levels in the body while it is caused by lack of vasopressin in diabetes insipidus. Blurred vision in diabetes mellitus is a result of excess glucose while in diabetes insipidus it results from extreme dehydration CITATION Dia15 \l 1033 (Diabetes insipidus vs mellitus 2015).
Genetics and age impact on diagnosis
History of diabetes in the family increases the chances of being diagnosed wit...