Mental health disorder (Essay Sample)

MENTAL HEALTH DISORDER Name of Student Subject Name Date MENTAL HEALTH DISORDER The increased prevalence of mental health disorders has recently become a significant public health challenge. Mental health disorder is a critical issue that requires immediate attention since they affect people from different backgrounds, adversely impacting their social well-being, relationships, and quality of life. Alarming statistics from WHO show that globally, one in four individuals experiences depression or any related mental illness during their lifetime, and only a few receive adequate treatment . However, it is not just the victims who are affected; the whole economy bears the brunt. The Global Burden of Disease Study approximates mental disorders to account for 32.4% of years lived with disability (YLD) globally . Most concerning is the economic burden encompassing healthcare costs and productivity loss. In the United States alone, it costs over $210 billion annually-both direct and indirect costs-to address challenges related to depression . The physical tolls accompanying mental health disorders also cannot be ignored. Many studies tie mental disorders to chronic conditions such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, addressing mental health immediate needs, which form part of managing deteriorating states, is crucial to address such potential chronic illnesses. Addressing mental health issues can significantly contribute to overall better health outcomes.[ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"6GcH6ZPL","properties":{"formattedCitation":"World Health Organization, \\uc0\\u8220{}MHPSS Worldwide: Facts and Figures - Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Crisis Situations - Government.Nl,\\uc0\\u8221{} onderwerp (Ministerie van Algemene Zaken, October 21, 2019), https://www.government.nl/topics/mhpss/funding-and-support-for-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-in-crisis-situations/mhpss-worldwide-facts-and-figures.","plainCitation":"World Health Organization, “MHPSS Worldwide: Facts and Figures - Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Crisis Situations - Government.Nl,” onderwerp (Ministerie van Algemene Zaken, October 21, 2019), https://www.government.nl/topics/mhpss/funding-and-support-for-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-in-crisis-situations/mhpss-worldwide-facts-and-figures.","noteIndex":1},"citationItems":[{"id":"Aec8Iitv/IXaPltRX","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MgqJMbgS/items/MWWI5AN7"],"itemData":{"id":994,"type":"webpage","abstract":"What about mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) worldwide?","genre":"onderwerp","language":"en-GB","license":"CC0 1.0 Universal","note":"Last Modified: 2019-10-21T12:40\npublisher: Ministerie van Algemene Zaken","title":"MHPSS worldwide: facts and figures - Mental health and psychosocial support in crisis situations - Government.nl","title-short":"MHPSS worldwide","URL":"https://www.government.nl/topics/mhpss/funding-and-support-for-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-in-crisis-situations/mhpss-worldwide-facts-and-figures","author":[{"literal":"World Health Organization"}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2023",5,29]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",10,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} World Health Organization, “MHPSS Worldwide: Facts and Figures - Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Crisis Situations - Government.Nl,” onderwerp (Ministerie van Algemene Zaken, October 21, 2019), https://www.government.nl/topics/mhpss/funding-and-support-for-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-in-crisis-situations/mhpss-worldwide-facts-and-figures.] [ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"Ju56s5Nq","properties":{"formattedCitation":"Daniel Vigo, Graham Thornicroft, and Rifat Atun, \\uc0\\u8220{}Estimating the True Global Burden of Mental Illness,\\uc0\\u8221{} {\\i{}The Lancet Psychiatry} 3, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 171\\uc0\\u8211{}78, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00505-2.","plainCitation":"Daniel Vigo, Graham Thornicroft, and Rifat Atun, “Estimating the True Global Burden of Mental Illness,” The Lancet Psychiatry 3, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 171–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00505-2.","noteIndex":2},"citationItems":[{"id":"Aec8Iitv/KPtGZyXt","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MgqJMbgS/items/4XRS4E4Z"],"itemData":{"id":998,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"We argue that the global burden of mental illness is underestimated and examine the reasons for under-estimation to identify five main causes: overlap between psychiatric and neurological disorders; the grouping of suicide and self-harm as a separate category; conflation of all chronic pain syndromes with musculoskeletal disorders; exclusion of personality disorders from disease burden calculations; and inadequate consideration of the contribution of severe mental illness to mortality from associated causes. Using published data, we estimate the disease burden for mental illness to show that the global burden of mental illness accounts for 32·4% of years lived with disability (YLDs) and 13·0% of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), instead of the earlier estimates suggesting 21·2% of YLDs and 7·1% of DALYs. Currently used approaches underestimate the burden of mental illness by more than a third. Our estimates place mental illness a distant first in global burden of disease in terms of YLDs, and level with cardiovascular and circulatory diseases in terms of DALYs. The unacceptable apathy of governments and funders of global health must be overcome to mitigate the human, social, and economic costs of mental illness.","container-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry","DOI":"10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00505-2","issue":"2","journalAbbreviation":"The Lancet Psychiatry","page":"171-178","source":"ResearchGate","title":"Estimating the True Global Burden of Mental Illness","volume":"3","author":[{"family":"Vigo","given":"Daniel"},{"family":"Thornicroft","given":"Graham"},{"family":"Atun","given":"Rifat"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2016",2,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} Daniel Vigo, Graham Thornicroft, and Rifat Atun, “Estimating the True Global Burden of Mental Illness,” The Lancet Psychiatry 3, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 171–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00505-2.] [ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"i8n6SIkZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"Andrew J Cutler et al., \\uc0\\u8220{}Annual Costs Among Patients with Major Depressive Disorder and the Impact of Key Clinical Events,\\uc0\\u8221{} {\\i{}Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy} 28, no. 12 (December 2022): 1335\\uc0\\u8211{}43, https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.12.1335.","plainCitation":"Andrew J Cutler et al., “Annual Costs Among Patients with Major Depressive Disorder and the Impact of Key Clinical Events,” Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy 28, no. 12 (December 2022): 1335–43, https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2022.28.12.1335.","noteIndex":3},"citationItems":[{"id":"Aec8Iitv/JKVaLXUT","uris":["http://zotero.org/users/local/MgqJMbgS/items/IZKDJJ2D"],"itemData":{"id":1001,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"BACKGROUND: The economic burden of major depressive disorder (MDD) is substantial and increasing; however, the impact of key clinical events (eg, hospitalization, suicide attempt/ideation, and treatment changes) on health care resource use and costs are less established.\n\nOBJECTIVE: To evaluate the health care utilization and costs among patients with MDD, particularly for those with key clinical events.\n\nMETHODS: In this retrospective analysis, administrative health care claims from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database were used to identify adults with a new diagnosis of MDD (January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2017). Patients with 12 months or more of continuous health care coverage before and after the initial medical claim with an MDD diagnosis (index date) and 1 or more pharmacy claims for an antidepressant within 60 days of any qualifying medical claim were included. The effect of post-index date key clinical events (eg, treatment changes, moderate to severe MDD, MDD-related emergency department [ED] visits, MDD-related hospitalizations, suicide attempt/ideation, severe mental health disorder, use of brain stimulation therapies) on all-cause total costs was assessed. Actual allcause costs were summarized descriptively and reported per patient per year (PPPY). Multivariable analyses compared differences in all-cause costs during follow-up, depending on whether patients experienced a key clinical event.\n\nRESULTS: A total of 455,082 patients met eligibility criteria. The average age was 41 years and 64% of patients were female. Mean (SD) all-cause PPPY costs during the follow-up period were $10,074 ($25,694). The most common key clinical events were treatment changes, moderate to severe MDD diagnosis, and MDD-related ED visits. The majority of patients (90.1%) experienced at least 1 treatment change, which was most commonly treatment discontinuation. Generally, mean costs for up to 90 days following an event were higher than those preceding the event. In multivariable analyses, patients with any key clinical events had 51% higher PPPY allcause health care costs compared with those who did not have any key clinical events. Compared with patients without key clinical events, follow-up costs were more than 2 times higher among patients with severe mental health disorder, MDD-related hospitalization, and suicide attempt/ideation. The most impactful key clinical event was treatment with electroconvulsive therapy, vagal nerve stimulation, or transcranial magnetic stimulation, in which patients incurred 4.3 times higher follow-up costs than those who did not receive one of these treatments.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Key clinical events exacerbate health care resource use and costs am...