WELFARE APPROACHES BY INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST (Essay Sample)

WELFARE APPROACHES BY INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST by Student's Name Course Code + Title Instructor Institution City, State Date Welfare Approaches by Individualist and Collectivist Definition of welfare involves description of welfare state and explanation of what influences welfare. The meaning of welfare is a source of conflict among professions with each profession using the term differently to suite their professions' language. Those in support of individualist theories have always defined welfare as promotion of individual wellbeing whereas those who support collectivism see it as promotion of welfare for the good of the general population ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"2c8rdB9D","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf (Sch\\uc0\\u246{}npflug and Yan, 2013)}","plainCitation":"(Schönpflug and Yan, 2013)"},"citationItems":[{"id":747,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/NPUVTGGU"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/NPUVTGGU"],"itemData":{"id":747,"type":"article-journal","title":"DEVIATION FROM ZEITGEIST AND MOTIVATION IN THE INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF INDIVIDUALISTIC AND COLLECTIVISTIC VALUES IN EAST GERMANY AND SHANGHAI/CHINA","container-title":"The Journal of Genetic Psychology","issue":"just-accepted","source":"Google Scholar","URL":"/doi/abs/10.1080/00221325.2013.808983","author":[{"family":"Schönpflug","given":"Ute"},{"family":"Yan","given":"Song"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2013",8,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Schönpflug and Yan, 2013) Welfare is as a result of a function of added states of welfare that are to an extent specific to individuals. However, welfare of the surrounding people influences individual welfare thus making it a collective state. Our welfare depends on availability of basic needs, security, emotional and psychological welfare. The levels of welfare of those make comparison will also influence our understanding of the state of our welfare. Hence WA=F (N1, N2, N3…Nn) where WA is welfare, F is individual welfare function, N1 is factor contributing to someone's state of welfare ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UHtMBSU0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Sen, 1970)","plainCitation":"(Sen, 1970)"},"citationItems":[{"id":715,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/TTGCPJ6W"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/TTGCPJ6W"],"itemData":{"id":715,"type":"article-journal","title":"Collective choice and social welfare","source":"Google Scholar","URL":"/group/2976/article/681900","note":"Cited by 3877","author":[{"family":"Sen","given":"Amartya K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1970"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2013",8,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Sen, 1970). To begin with, happiness is a state of wellbeing that reflects satisfaction with the current and past state of event and lifestyle. However, happiness is not measurable thus making it difficult to determine the individual wellbeing. Moreover, happiness varies from one person to the other. Causes of happiness are not the same. A particular cause of happiness in one person can be a source of hunger to the other. Nevertheless, the level of happiness of a person is a state of that individual's welfare ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"h1HYH7Y0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Van Lange et al., 1997)","plainCitation":"(Van Lange et al., 1997)"},"citationItems":[{"id":729,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/TKJBJVPV"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/TKJBJVPV"],"itemData":{"id":729,"type":"article-journal","title":"Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: theory and preliminary evidence.","container-title":"Journal of personality and social psychology","page":"733","volume":"73","issue":"4","source":"Google Scholar","note":"Cited by 0552","shortTitle":"Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations","author":[{"family":"Van Lange","given":"Paul AM"},{"family":"De Bruin","given":"Ellen"},{"family":"Otten","given":"Wilma"},{"family":"Joireman","given":"Jeffrey A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1997"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2013",8,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Van Lange et al., 1997). Security is the second determiner of welfare. A feeling of security comes from availability of employment, satisfying income, housing and access to the healthcare services that are beyond the basic requirements. Thirdly, fulfillment of needs such as food, clothing, shelter and good health are a measure of one's level of welfare ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"R1EOUWD0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Harsanyi, 1953)","plainCitation":"(Harsanyi, 1953)"},"citationItems":[{"id":702,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/ECDW6ZTA"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/ECDW6ZTA"],"itemData":{"id":702,"type":"article-journal","title":"Cardinal utility in welfare economics and in the theory of risk-taking","container-title":"The Journal of Political Economy","page":"434","volume":"61","issue":"5","source":"Google Scholar","note":"Cited by 0807","author":[{"family":"Harsanyi","given":"John C."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1953"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2013",8,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Harsanyi, 1953). To add on that, having fulfillment of our preferred wants (goods and services that one would like to enjoy though they are not necessary) defines our level of satisfaction and happiness in life that translates to the level of our wellbeing. Those who Receiveor earn the equivalent of what they expect compared to how much they invest either in life or to their society have a higher state of wellbeing compared to those who do not get what they deserve ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pYspz86i","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(McIntosh, 1995)","plainCitation":"(McIntosh, 1995)"},"citationItems":[{"id":732,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/8XG7QV3A"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/8XG7QV3A"],"itemData":{"id":732,"type":"article-journal","title":"HA Gleason's ‘individualistic concept'and theory of animal communities: a continuing controversy","container-title":"Biological Reviews","page":"317–357","volume":"70","issue":"2","source":"Google Scholar","note":"Cited by 0076","shortTitle":"HA Gleason's ‘individualistic concept'and theory of animal communities","author":[{"family":"McIntosh","given":"Robert P."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1995"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2013",8,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (McIntosh, 1995). Lastly, how we compare ourselves with others influences our state of welfare. People to have a better state of welfare if those that they like have a higher state of wellbeing whereas those that they hate have misfortunes ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"F8Ea8bPn","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Suzumura et al., 2010)","plainCitation":"(Suzumura et al., 2010)"},"citationItems":[{"id":766,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/WQC7AE2P"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/WQC7AE2P"],"itemData":{"id":766,"type":"book","title":"Handbook of Social Choice & Welfare","publisher":"Access Online via Elsevier","volume":"2","source":"Google Scholar","URL":"http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=uFlFKcjKSkYC&oi=fnd&pg=PT8&dq=social+welfare+theories&ots=mQ55i6Irjc&sig=sPw2RblsJ2wFCJRZnuvpZWLwC5A","author":[{"family":"Suzumura","given":"Kotaro"},{"family":"Arrow","given":"Kenneth J."},{"family":"Sen","given":"A. K."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2013",8,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Suzumura et al., 2010). Several factors contribute to our state of welfare. Among them is the market where we buy goods and services to satisfy our needs. Without it our needs would remain unmet therefore lowering our state of welfare. Laws of demand and supply control the market. An individual cannot regulate these laws alone. It requires an intervention of a larger group of people to control the market in the best interest of its members. This provides a framework than enables individuals to continue enjoying their freedom of choice ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"BuCbYl2T","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(Fleurbaey and Maniquet, 2011)","plainCitation":"(Fleurbaey and Maniquet, 2011)"},"citationItems":[{"id":768,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/ZTDTGC2U"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/1315469/items/ZTDTGC2U"],"itemData":{"id":768,"type":"book","title":"A theory of fairness and social welfare","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","volume":"48","source":"Google Scholar","URL":"http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Tm8H6RYA-9QC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=social+welfare+theories&ots=HmiZom9Nwm&sig=Zjt-Duvz1Yh9OEWXUympUvQHUUU","author":[{"family":"Fleurbaey","given":"Marc"},{"family":"Maniquet","given":"Fran\\ccois"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2011"]]},"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2013",8,21]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} (Fleurbaey and Maniquet, 2011). Family and friends contribute to our level of welfare. We meet psychological needs by associating with family and friends. The inherent need to belong to a certain group is a need. A family provides an individual with a feeling of belonging, support an...