Annoitated Bibliography (Essay Sample)

Animal testing Name Institution Professor Course Date Akhtar, Aysha. "The flaws and human harms of animal experimentation." Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics 24.04 (2015): 407-419. This journal evaluates the many effects animal testing has in both the quality of drug produced and the needless killing of innocent creatures. Many research institutes using animals in testing especially pharmacology testing have defended this act. They claim the reason for using animals is cheap availability; moreover, they give insightful information on the biological make-up of humans and diseases mechanisms and pathogenesis. These have been disapproved by many other research institutions which claim the differences between humans and animals are numerous. These differences are enough to skew the date obtained from the animal tries. They urge companies and institutions dealing with human medical research should find alternative testing methods since most drugs tested by animals are rejected in the clinical tries. Bailey, Jarrod. "Non-human primates in medical research and drug development: a critical review." Biogenic Amines 19.4 (2005): 235-255. The research article emphasizes the futile efforts put in researches which the testing is undertaken using animals. The article acknowledges the great controversy surrounding animal testing. A portion of Biomedical researchers supports it citing the many biomedical milestones achieved while using the animals for testing. The other portion totally disagrees and proves that the animal tests are inhumane and needless. They undertook systematic testing on the effect of animal testing and in all of the results a great discrepancy was observed. This unanticipated deviance from the normal gives the biomedical researchers a night make in trying to predict an outcome of the test. The unpredictable results are caused by the variation of humans and animals make-up. These include genetic compositions, toxicology analysis and even variance in animal strains within a species. Society, New. "Animals In Research And Testing". Neavs.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 5 Dec. 2016. This is an organization dealing with the critical analysis of animal testing in biomedical research. The institution found most of the results obtained from these trials were in conclusive and could not be used in any of the decision-making processes. They gave an example where making dog inhale cigarette smoke did not show signs of lung cancer. The article lays emphasis on the need to venture in alternative means of testing especially drugs. The claim the cause of high rejection of drugs on the clinical tests stages in many cases is caused by the animal testing. They also discourage the use of genetically modified or engineered animals, usually mice and rats. This is due to their lack of biological and physiological relevance. "Animal Testing And Alternatives." The Physicians Committee. N.p., 2016. Web. 5 Dec. 2016. This article talks about the detrimental effects of using animals for testing. It gives reasons for avoiding animal testing. The unorthodox treatment of animals in the testing process is inhumane and unexpectable. Also, most of the results obtained in the animal tests are of little or no importance to humans. The tests being of little importance, they put the animals through intense and pain which will finally be futile. Al...