Week 3: Disorders Of The Pituitary System, Thyroid And Adrenal Gland (Other (Not Listed) Sample)

Nursing Questions
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Nursing Questions
Week 3
Disorders of the pituitary system, thyroid and adrenal gland
The pituitary gland is found at the base of the brain and the most common disorder in the is the pituitary gland tumor (non-cancerous) which may cause too much or too little of the secretion of hormones or discomfort such as headaches due to abnormal growth of the tumor.
Thyroid gland is found in the neck and some of the disorders include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism that can be well managed but can also cause severe cancers.
Adrenal glands are found on top of the kidneys and they produce sex hormones as well as cortisol. The main disorders include Cushing's syndrome where too much cortisol is produced and Addison's disease where too little is produced.
Syndrome Of Inappropriate Secretion Of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
SIADH causes a number of complications including generalized muscle weakness, hyporeflexia, ataxia, confusion, seizures, coma and disorientation. It can be prevented through maintaining normal plasma sodium concentrations.
Diabetes Insipidus risk factors and causes
It may be caused by the production of small amounts of ADH in the hypothalamus that are inadequate or damage to the pituitary gland. Risk factors include head injuries, brain surgery or the growth of tumors.
Hypopituitarism risk factors
It can be caused by tumors in the pituitary gland, brain surgery, radiation treatment and stroke.
Hyperpituitarism
This is the excessive production of growth hormones in the body. Effects include arthritis, arteriosclerosis, heart enlargement and heart failure.
Comparing hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is as a result of reduced thyroid hormones and is caused by surgical removal, autoimmune disease and agenesis. Hyperthyroidism is due to excessive thyroid hormone in body tissues and is caused by iodide excess, Graves’ disease and toxic adenoma.
Comparing Cushing’s and Addison’s disease
Cushing's disease is where too much cortisol is produced and can cause mood swings and decreased body mass. Addison's disease is where too little cortisol is produced and it causes anemia, muscle pain and tremors. It can be treated by replacing the fluids.
Week 4
Obstructive disorders on the renal physiology
This is the blockage of urine flow from the body caused mainly by acute renal failure, recurrent urinary tract infections. Complications include palpable kidneys and bladder as well as intravascular volume depletion.
Urinary tract infections Pathophysiology
These include structural abnormalities due to spinal cord injuries or cysts that re infected, unusual pathogens in the body, transplant recipients that show negative responses and diabetes or pregnancies that cause hormone imbalances.
Glomerular disorders symptoms
Symptoms include discolored urine in a light or dark brown color, excessive protein content in urine and presence of red blood cells in urine.
Week 5
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
This is the final stage of HIV infection where the patient’s immune system is weak and becomes prone to opportunistic infections. Can be determined if the number of CD4 cells are below 200 cells/mm3. Symptoms include rapid weight loss, recurring fever, pneumonia and prolonged diarrhea. AIDS has no cure and can be prevented by not sharing used syringes or sharp objects and abstaining from unprotected sex.
Week 6
Hepatitis
Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver and symptoms include nausea, yellow eyes, diarrhea and fever. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with the virus or having sex with an infected person. It can be prevented through vaccination.
Hepatitis B is a virus affecting the liver with mild symptoms such as headaches, lack of appetite, fever and tiredness. It can be caused by having sex with infected persons, sharing needles or through a mother to child at birth. It is not severe in most cases and can be prevented through vaccination and cured through proper medicine use.
Hepatitis C is also a liver infection by the virus that includes symptoms such as jaundice, nausea and fatigue. It can be caused by sharing drugs and needles, unprotected sex with infected persons. It can also be prevented through vaccination.
Liver cirrhosis
It is caused by Hepatitis C, alcohol abuse and fatty liver due to obesity. Symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, blood in the stool and fever. Complications include variceal bleeding, kidney failure as well as mental changes such as confusion. It can be prevented through abstaining from alcohol use and treatment of the diseases such as Hepatitis.
Portal hypertension causes and complications
It is mainly caused by liver cirrhosis blocking blood flow. Symptoms include gastrointestinal bleeding, confusion and reduced platelets levels. Complications may include swollen blood veins in the digestive syste...