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7 pages/≈1925 words
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APA
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Biological & Biomedical Sciences
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Research Paper
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English (U.S.)
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Cyanobacteria in Mitigating Climate Change: Morphological, Physiological, and Genetic Characteristics (Research Paper Sample)

Instructions:
Information about your Microbe Research Paper ****PLEASE ONLY SUBMIT YOUR PAPER AS A PDF. THIS IS A PRECAUTION AGAINST UPLOADED A WORD/GOOOGLE DOC AND HAVING IT GET SHIFTED AROUND UNWITTINGLY. Points: 10 pts -Draft Intro 20pts - Draft Detailed Information 20 pts - Final Draft 50 points Information about the Microbe Research paper Writing a microbiology research paper in the field of microbiology is worthwhile for several reasons: 1. Contribution to Scientific Knowledge: Microbiology research papers contribute to the collective understanding of microbial life, including their diversity, functions, interactions, and applications. By adding to this body of knowledge, researchers advance the field and potentially uncover new insights that could benefit various industries, including healthcare, agriculture, and environmental science. 2. Addressing Important Questions: Microbiology research often tackles pressing questions related to human health, disease, environmental sustainability, and biotechnological advancements. By addressing these questions through research papers, scientists can provide valuable information that may lead to practical solutions and improvements in various aspects of society. 3. Potential for Innovation: Microbiology research often leads to innovative discoveries and technologies. Writing research papers allows scientists to communicate their findings to the broader scientific community, fostering collaboration and potentially inspiring further research and technological advancements. 4. Career Advancement: Publishing research papers is a crucial aspect of career advancement in academia and industry. Researchers who publish high-quality microbiology papers enhance their reputations within the scientific community, increase their chances of securing research funding, and may open up opportunities for collaboration and career advancement. 5. Educational Purposes: Microbiology research papers serve as educational resources for students, scientists, and professionals interested in the field. These papers provide insights into research methodologies, experimental findings, and theoretical frameworks, helping to educate and inspire the next generation of microbiologists. 6. Critical Evaluation and Peer Review: Publishing a research paper involves peer review, where other experts in the field evaluate the quality, validity, and significance of the research findings. This process ensures that the research meets high scientific standards and helps to identify areas for improvement or further investigation. 7. Communication and Dissemination of Knowledge: Writing a microbiology research paper allows scientists to communicate their findings to a broad audience, including fellow researchers, policymakers, educators, and the general public. By disseminating knowledge through research papers, scientists can raise awareness about important microbial-related issues and contribute to evidence-based decision-making. Overall, writing a microbiology research paper is a valuable endeavor that contributes to scientific progress, innovation, education, and career development within the field of microbiology and beyond. Voice of the Paper: Writing in the third person involves using pronouns such as "he," "she," "it," or "they" to refer to individuals or entities, distancing the narrator or author from the narrative. In contrast to first-person writing, where the author speaks directly as "I" or "we," third-person writing maintains an objective and more formal tone. This perspective creates a sense of detachment, allowing the focus to shift to the subject matter rather than the author's personal experiences or opinions. Third-person writing often lends itself well to academic, professional, or scientific contexts, as it emphasizes objectivity and a broader viewpoint, enabling a more universal understanding of the information presented. To write effectively in the third person, authors should pay attention to consistent pronoun use, avoid personal pronouns like "I" or "me," and approach the narrative with a sense of impartiality. Example of 3rd person appropriate for the paper: Studies have shown that A.D. is a disease of the elderly. Developing AD can be a significant ordeal as it is associated with severe and potentially life-threatening consequences. Example of 1st person NOT appropriate for the paper: In my family, there are several relatives that have AD and I think it is really sad. Plagiarism Avoid Plagiarism: Your writing assignment will be inspected for originality so please avoid plagiarism in order to earn a non-zero grade. Plagiarism is defined as presenting someone else's words or ideas as your own. But did you know that there are many different types of plagiarism? Here is a list of some types: 1. Copying and direct plagiarism-When you take someone's words and present them as your own with no changes or citation 2. Patchwork plagiarism-Using phrases or sentences from another author's works and including them in your writing without quote marks or citations 3. Using an AI (like ChatGPT) to write your paper. If an AI does it, you didn't do it. It won't have your ideas and thoughts and opinions. We want YOUR ideas, thoughts, and opinions. 4. Paraphrasing- Rewording, rearranging, and re-writing in your own words another's author's work while maintaining the same line of argument or idea without a citation or attribution. 5. Self-plagiarism- Reusing your own work from a previous class or assignment. Please note that any Turnit-In score over 10% will be considered a work of plagiarism and will receive a significant mark-down. ============== Format of your Paper (10pts) ***Special Note: DO NOT use quotes in your paper. Doing so, will incur a significant markdown of points in your writing assessment portion of the rubric. Your paper needs to have the following sections: • Title Page (Snappy title (means original), Name, Dr Der, College, Term) – Page 1 (insert a page break) • Abstract (is on the next page) -Page 2 (insert a page break) • 1. Introduction-Page 3 • 2. Detailed information (follows immediately after the Intro, just double space) • 3. Discussion (follows immediately after the Detailed Information, just double space) • References Cited (Separate page) Be sure to put the above sections with clearly labeled headings in bold. The labels are on the left side, flush with the margin. Put the appropriate information in each section (see below). The margins of your paper MUST be JUSTIFIED. This means that the sentences touch the left and right margins. To set up your paper select all text (CNTL + A), and then choose this button to “justify” the text (CNTL+J). Title Page (2 pts) Abstract (3 pts: checking for content and word count) An abstract is a concise summary that provides an overview of the essential points, findings, or arguments presented in a longer document, such as a research paper, thesis, or article. Typically 250 words, the abstract serves as a standalone representation of the main content, allowing readers to quickly grasp the key elements without delving into the entire text. It should encapsulate the work's purpose, methodology, results, and conclusions, offering a brief yet comprehensive glimpse into the document's core contributions. 1. Introduction (6 pts: checking for content and word count)-Word limit min: 400 words. Provide Background Information: Start by providing background information on the topic of your study. Discuss the relevant concepts, theories, and previous research that lay the foundation for your work. This could include information about the microorganisms involved, their characteristics, habitats, and roles in various environments or diseases. State the Research Question or Hypothesis: Clearly state the research question or hypothesis that your study aims to address. This helps to focus the reader's attention and provides a roadmap for the rest of the paper. Explain the Significance of the Study: Explain why your research is important and relevant to the field of microbiology. Discuss how your study fills a gap in knowledge, addresses an unanswered question, or provides new insights that could advance scientific understanding or have practical implications. Highlight the Research Objectives: Outline the specific objectives or goals of your study. This could include identifying specific microorganisms, characterizing their properties, investigating their interactions, or exploring their potential applications in biotechnology or medicine. You should focus on all these areas. Identifying a microbe involves assessing various characteristics that help distinguish it from other microorganisms. Here's a list of some key characteristics commonly used in microbial identification: 1. Morphology: This refers to the shape, size, and arrangement of cells or colonies. Microbes can exhibit diverse morphologies, including cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spirilla (spiral-shaped), and filamentous forms. 2. Gram Stain: The Gram stain reaction is a fundamental test used to classify bacteria into Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on differences in their cell wall structure. This can provide initial information about the microbe's characteristics. 3. Cell Wall Composition: Beyond Gram staining, assessing the specific composition of the cell wall, such as the presence of peptidoglycan or other unique components, can further classify bacteria and provide insights into their properties. 4. Motility: Some microorganisms are motile, meaning they can move independently. Motility can be assessed through techniques such as microscopy or observing the spread of microorganisms on semi-solid media. 5. Metabolic Characteristics: Microbes have diverse metabolic capabilities, including fermentation, respiration, and various biochemical reactions. Testing for specific metabolic activities, such as sugar fermentation or enzyme production, can aid in identification. 6. Nutritional Requirements: Microbes have specific nutritional requirements, including carbon, nitrogen, energy sources, and growth factors. Understanding these requirements can help narrow down the possible identities of a microbe. 7. Biochemical Tests: Biochemical tests assess the ability of microorganisms to utilize or produce certain compounds. These tests include carbohydrate fermentation, protein metabolism, lipid utilization, and enzyme assays. 8. Genetic Analysis: Genetic techniques such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), DNA sequencing, and genomic analysis have revolutionized microbial identification by allowing for the examination of specific genes or genomic regions unique to certain species or strains. 9. Antibiotic Sensitivity: Testing the susceptibility of microorganisms to antibiotics provides valuable information for clinical identification and treatment purposes. 10. Pathogenicity: For microbes of medical importance, assessing their pathogenic potential and virulence factors is essential for understanding their role in causing disease. 11. Environmental Conditions: Microbial growth is influenced by various environmental factors such as temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and osmotic pressure. Understanding the optimal growth conditions for a microbe can aid in its identification. 12. Cultural Characteristics: Observing the growth patterns, color, texture, and other characteristics of microbial colonies on agar plates can provide additional clues for identification. ***The introduction should briefly touch on some of the highlights, do not over explain here. By considering these various characteristics in combination, microbiologists can effectively identify and classify microorganisms, aiding in fields such as medicine, environmental science, biotechnology, and food microbiology. Summarize the Key Findings: In some cases, you may choose to briefly summarize the key findings of your study in the introduction. However, be cautious not to provide too much detail here, as the results should be discussed in more depth in the subsequent sections of the paper. Structure the Introduction Logically: Organize the introduction in a logical and coherent manner, with each paragraph flowing smoothly into the next. Use clear and concise language to convey your ideas effectively. Provide Citations: Support your statements and claims with relevant citations to the scientific literature. This demonstrates that your research is grounded in existing knowledge and builds upon previous work in the field. Keep it Concise: While the introduction should provide sufficient background and context for the study, avoid including unnecessary details or information that is not directly relevant to the research question. Aim to keep the introduction concise and focused. Revise and Edit: Finally, revise and edit your introduction carefully to ensure clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Pay attention to the flow of ideas, the clarity of your writing, and the overall structure of the introduction. Rule of thumb: Introduction should be 3 paragraphs with multiple in text citations. P1: historical background, P2: Interesting characteristics defined above, P3: Why should we be interested as readers to read your paper, what is new that brings new understanding on your microbe. Focus on technology. source..
Content:
Cyanobacteria in Mitigating Climate Change: Morphological, Physiological, and Genetic Characteristics Student's Name Department, School Course Professor's Name Date Abstract Climate change effects are a formidable issue globally. Research shows that carbon dioxide levels are rising, and the near future calls for extreme climate change. The way to solve the problem is to use cyanobacteria, a microorganism that could restore the level of oxygen naturally and sustainably. Although cyanobacteria have ures, the current study is a meta-review that will conduct a meta-analysis of the concomitant past literature examining how cyanobacteria are an appropriate and advancing approach for carbon sequestration. The findings demonstrated that organisms learned to optimize light energy fixation and cellors. These attributes may be just the proper mechanism for CO2 and nitrogen-fixing in the organic compounds while contributing to the creation of oxygen. In the end, that makes the main draw of our atmosphere the supply of oxygen since most plants use the gas for this photosynthesis process. One of the things that the study revealed is that cyanobacteria are superior in mechanisms used in bio-mineralization that play the role of chemically precipitating calcium carbonates to store carbon for long periods. The bacteria's diverse genotype was an essential trait that allowed it to dwell and survive in different zones. Along with this, being genetic enables the bacteria to have several carbon fixation and storage metabolic pathways to support their growth. The article's last segment expresses that we can decrease atmospheric carbon dioxide by utilizing cyanobacteria's unique morphological, physiological, and genetic traits. Introduction Climate change is the modern global pandemic. As carbon dioxide (CO2) levels rise, global temperatures rise to extreme levels. Banerjee et al. (2020) state that the world is still searching for sustainable solutions to mitigate the effects of climate change. The aggravation of carbon dioxide levels has provoked a rise in temperature by up to 2 °C, and the rise is projected to double in the following decades (Banerjee et al., 2020). Cyanobacteria, a diverse group of photosynthetic microorganisms, can minimize atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Banerjee et al. (2020) also found that the Cyanobacteria ingests carbon dioxide and generates oxygen, facilitating 50% of global photosynthesis. Besides reducing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, cyanobacteria can facilitate nitrogen fixation. The bacteria is abundant in most parts of the world since it can inhabit many ecologies (Gayathri et al., 2021). Hence, the solution to climate change solely depends on cyanobacteria. Background Information Cyanobacteria is often used interchangeably with blue-green algae. These bacteria are predominantly present in the terrestrial and aquatic environments. Kheirfam (2020) emphasized that bacteria have a wide range of shapes and functions that make the bacteria fit in different environments. The most notable features include the widespread existence of freshwater lakes and oceans in hot and cold environments such as deserts and polar areas. The bacteria have various morphologies, such as unicellular, lateral dimensions, and filaments (Ataeian et al., 2022). It is known to be in the form of colonies of different shapes, such as non-filamentary (coccoid, bacillary, and filamentous) (Gayathri et al., 2021). Filamentous cyanobacteria have mats or biofilms which colonize waterbodies. The unique characteristic of cyanobacteria is that it is missing the Gram stain but has an extra cell wall layer called the cyanobacterial envelope. The envelope has glycolipids and proteins. A cyanobacteria cell is held together at the cell wall by peptidoglycan in addition to the other lipids and proteins that aid its convenience in different habitats. The bacteria can glide as they do with the help of structures made explicitly for this process (Gayathri et al., 2021). It is naturally a photoautotrophic organism that uses sunlight energy to fix carbon dioxide and produce organic compounds. It is well known for fixing nitrogen as well. The bacteria need carbon dioxide, light energy, water, and other essential nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus for metabolism and growth (Ataeian et al., 2022). The environmental conditions that affect cyanobacteria presence include light intensity, temperature, pH, nutrient availability, and water chemistry (Ataeian et al., 2022). The bacteria have different colors because of multiple pigments like chlorophyll, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin. Hence, these aspects define cyanobacteria's suitability in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. Research Question/Hypothesis The study's research question is: What are cyanobacteria's morphological, physiological, and genetic features that help it in carbon sequestration? Significance of the Study Cyanobacteria use in carbon sequestration is remarkable because it leads to a corresponding positive change in climate. Climate change has made the world more dangerous and unlivable. As a result, the bacteria can address environmental issues like natural disasters, water pollution, and ecosystem damage. It has always taken a long time and much money to fix environmental problems (Nayak et al., 2022). Ramakrishnan et al. (2023) say that billions of dollars are spent annually on long-term measures to fight climate change and lower carbon footprints. The climate change budgets are expected to grow threefold in the following decades (Ramakrishnan et al., 2023). Despite the overwhelming evidence about the benefits of cyanobacteria in reducing carbon dioxide levels, there is a knowledge gap about how the bacteria works. The morphological, physiological, and genetic characteristics that help the bacteria achieve carbon sequestration are little known. This research will fill the knowledge gap by examining the microbe features, mechanism, morphology, and habitats that make it suitable for carbon sequestration. Research Objectives The research aims are: 1 To investigate the morphological features of cyanobacteria that underlie its carbon sequestration. 2 Exploring various physiological mechanisms in carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation, and bio-mineralization processes. 3 To investigate genomic features and metabolic pathways that pave the road of cyanobacteria's carbon capture ability. Detailed Information Cyanobacterium treatment has been proven to be an answer to the climate problem. During this short period, carbon sequestration has thoroughly stirred the public's consciousness to pay increased attention to it. However, much is known about the bacterial characteristics that make it a better option for microbiologists and environmental managers. Duranespan et al. (2021) state that these sarwog en grow themselves all over the place for them to survive. Furthermore, its' significant physical and genetic characteristics serve it well as the carbon storage and removal mechanism. Accordingly, the study of this process helps to understand why the unique properties of cyanobacteria are in carbon sequestration and, therefore, climate change. Morphological Characteristics of Cyanobacteria The bacteria has variable morphological forms reflected by distinctive problems associated with the specific type of environment. Vidal et al. (2021) suggest that the diversification of cyanobacteria holds the power to cut carbon emissions by sequestration of carbon dioxide. The bacteria inhabit the picoplanktonic community of archetypes of unicellular bacteria such as Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, which are either spherical or rod-shaped in morphology. The small size of these spherical or rod-shaped species results from a reserve volume-surface ratio to maintain high efficiency in nutrient uptake and photosynthesis (Ataeian et al., 2022). Species of cyanobacteria, which are spherical or rod-shaped, exhibit a rapid growth rate and end with high biomass accumulation, resulting in increased carbon fixation (Afify et al., 2023). Aquatic ecosystems, such as marine or freshwater environments, best-fit species with spherical or rod shapes. This characteristic in most species allows carbon fixation acquisition in these environments (Paul et al., 2020). There are some types of cyanobacteria where the metabolic activity and the carbon fixation pathways do not spend all their output, while others are more limited. On the other hand, a group of cyanobacteria, represented by the Anabaena and Nostoc filamentous species, is another kind. The filamentous symbiont species comprise long cell chains capable of binding carbon in biomass and producing carbonate facilitated by bio-mineralization processes. This feature enables bacteria to make carbon sequestration possible. Besides these species with filament structures, the heterocysts (specialized cells for nitrogen fixation) organize cells that help the nitrogen fixation process, which is provided by (Paul et al., 2020). Similarly, the phylogenetic classification of cyanobacteria colonies may form sophisticated 3-dimensional structures that promote carbon storage at a large scale (Schipper et al., 2019). Gram-negative bacteria have cell walls containing nuclei where the mineral calcium carbonate can crystallize. This storage is called carbon dioxide, which could be broken down and does not release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The morphological features of cyanobacteria allow efficient carbon fixation in different parts of the world and the biosphere. Cyanobacteria's Physiological Aspects The photosynthetic capacity of the cyanobacteria enables it to carbonate the CO2 from the atmosphere into the organic carbon species. The green micro-orange bacteria have both chlorophyll and phycobilins pigments located in highly organized thylakoid membrane systems that are amazing. These light-capturing pigments take...
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