Report the SPSS (What not to Do) (Research Paper Sample)

SPSS Tasks Task 1: Table 1: The below table shows the statistics of differences in pre-test and post-test values with their means and range values of the four variables used in the study i.e., self-efficacy, value expectancy, physical activity and body-mass index for the treatment group (within-subject difference). Statistics of this table show no missing values with N= 300. The overall mean for self-efficacy was (M= -0.349± 0.706) which showed that self-efficacy increased in post-test results. Similarly, the overall Value- expectancy (M= -0.192 ± 0.911) and Physical Activity (M= -50.238 ± 155.424) increased in the post-test than in the pre-test. The only variable i.e., the body mass index (M= .182 ± 3.383) overall hath a decrease in the post-test than in the pre-test results. Table 1: Pre- Post Difference of Self Efficacy, Value Expectancy, Physical Activity, and BMI for the Treatment group. Variables N Valid Missing Mean Std. Dev Range Min Max Dif. SE 300 0 -.349 .706 3.63 -2.25 1.38 Dif. V Ex 300 0 -.192 .911 5.25 -2.63 2.63 Dif. PHY. ACT 300 0 -50.238 155.424 912.94 -585.42 327.53 Dif. BMI 300 0 .182 3.383 25.95 -13.68 12.27 Treatment 300 0 .54 .499 1 0 1 SE (M= -0.349± 0.706) increased in post- test; Value expectancy ((M= -0.192 ± 0.911) increased in post – test; Physical activity (M= -50.238 ± 155.424) increased in post- test. Body mass index (M= .182 ± 3.383) decreased in the post-test. The negative sign shows an increase in post-test results. Table 2: The below table shows the paired sample t-test difference within the subject group between the four variables of which the three variables named physical activity (M= -50.238 ± 155.424), self-efficacy (M= -0.349± 0.706), and Value expectancy (M= -0.192 ± 0.911) showed a significant (p<.01) change from pre- to post-test results and the fourth variable of Body- mass index (M= .182 ± 3.383) didn’t show a significant positive change from pre to post-test results (p> 0.05). Table: 2 Paired sample t-test for within-subject (treatment group) pre-test- post-test difference Variables 95 % Conf. Interval Mean Std. Dev Std. Error.Mean Lower Upper t df Sig. (2-tailed) Pre- Post-PHY-ACT -50.238 155.424 8.973 67.897 32.579 5.59 299 .000 Pre- Post SE -.3491 .706 .040 -.429 -.268 8.55 299 .000 Pre- Post V- EX -.192 .911 .052 -.296 -.088 3.65 299 .000 Pre- Post BMI .182 3.383 .195 -.2016 .567 .936 299 .350 Physical activity (M= -50.238 ± 155.424), self-efficacy (M= -0.349± 0.706), and Value expectancy ((M= -0.192 ± 0.911) showed a significant (p<.01) change from pre- to post-test results and the fourth variable of Body- mass index (M= .182 ± 3.383) didn’t show a significant positive change from pre to post-test results (p> 0.05). Task 2: TABLE 3 A Chi-Square test was performed to determine whether the proportion of obesity in the experimental group was equal between three different categories or not. The result showed that there was no statistically significant difference between pre-and post-test results of obesity for the control or experimental group. The proportions did not differ by obesity, X2(1, N = 300) = .084, p > .05. Table: 3 Chi-square test for the proportion of Obesity in the Assignment group (experimental and control group). Variables Assignment Control Assignment Treat x2 (1) η % η % Baseline Not Obese 123.7 89.0 145.3 53.9 0.1 Obese 14.3 10.0 16.7 53.8 The proportions did not differ by obesity, X2(1, N = 300) = .084, p > .05. Table 3.1: A Chi-Square test was performed to determine whether the proportion of weight in the experimental group was equal between three different categories or not. The result showed that there was no statistically significant difference between pre-and post-test results of weight levels for the Assignment group (experimental and control group). The proportions did not differ by weight levels, X2(1, N = 300) = .084, p > .05. Table 3.1: Variables Assignment Control Assignment Treat x2 (3) η % η % Underweight 1 1 5 3 2.671 Normal Weight 49 35.5 56 34.5 Overweight 75 54.3 83 51 Obese 13 9 18 11 The proportions did not differ by obesity, X2(3, N = 300) = .2.671, p > .05. Task 3: Table 4: The independent sample t-test run on the post-test results of the 4 variables named Self- efficacy (M=3.466 ± .681), Value expectancy (M=2.103 ± 1.207), Body Mass Index (M=25.9264 ±5.537 ) and Physical Activity (M=606.731 ± 230.986) showed higher scores for post-test for the treatment group than the control group. The independent sample t-test (Table: 4.1) shows a statistically significant difference in the means of self-efficacy, value expectancy and physical activity but the body mass index didn’t show any statistically significant difference in means. Table 4: Descriptive statistics of Variables from Independent sample t-test Assignment (Control and Treatment) Group N Mean Std. Deviation Control Treatment Control Treatment Control Treatment SE 138 162 2.8940 3.4660 .68146 .96403 VE 138 162 1.7582 2.1034 .81262 1.20747 BMI 138 162 25.7624 25.9264 3.16358 5.53786 PHY-ACT 138 162 497.8582 606.7311 165.22555 230.98631 The treatment group's means were higher than the control group's means. Table 4.1: Independent sample t-test on Variables Variables t (298) p Cohen’s d SE -5.837 .000 .68 VE -2.853 .005 .34 BMI -.308 .759 3 PHY-ACT (Experimental) -4.620 .000 .54 For Self- efficacy, t (298) = -5.837; value expectancy, t (298) = -2.853; body mass index, t (298)= -3.08 and for physical activity t (298)= -4.620 ; p<.05 except for body mass index. The effect sizes for the above-mentioned four variables are 68%, 34%, 3% and 54% respectively. Task 4: TABLE 5: A Chi-Square test was performed to determine whether the proportion of obesity in the assignment (control- experimental) group was equal between three different categories or not. The result showed that there was a statistically significant difference between post-test results of obesity for the control and experimental group. The proportions differed by obesity, X2(1, N = 300) = 6.519, p > .05. Table: 5 Chi-square test for the proportion of Obesity in the Assignment group (experimental and control group). Variables Assignment Control Assignment Treat x2 (1) η % η % Baseline Not Obese 115.9 89.0 136.1 53.9 6.519 Obese 22.1 10.0 25.9 53.8 The proportions did not differ by obesity, X2(1, N = 300) = 6.519, p < .05. Phi= .147; p<.o5. Table 5.1: A Chi-Square test was performed to determine whether the proportion of weight in the experimental group was equal between three different categories or not. The result showed that there was a statistically significant difference between post-test results of weight levels for the Assignment group (experimental and control group). The proportions differed by weight levels, X2(1, N = 300) = .084, p > .05. Table 5.1: proportion of variance in Variables Variables Assignment Control Assignment Treat x2 (3) η % η % Underweight 9.7 7 11.3 53 21.141 Normal Weight 43.7 31 51.3 54 Overweight 62.6 45 73.4 53 Obese 22.1 16 25.9 53 The proportions did not differ by obesity, X2(3, N = 300) = .2.671, p < .05. Phi= .265; p<.o5. Task 5: Correlation: The variables of self-efficacy, Physical activity, Value expectancy, body mass index and gender of the participants have strong positive correlations with s statistically significant difference between them for pre and post-test results with only a few exceptional weak or no correlations of gender with physical activity, value expectancy and self-efficacy at pre and post both levels. Table 6: Correlations between the variables at pre and post level Correlations GENDER PHYACT PRE Vex pre SE Pre BMI Pre Vex Post SE Post BMI Post PHYACT Post GENDER PC .201** .028 .049 .365** .045 .057 .286** .095 p .000 .628 .394 .000 .437 .328 .000 .100 N 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 PHYACT PRE PC .500** .643** .441** .316** .499** .522** .673** p .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 Vex pre PC .452** .187** .619** .362** .319** .509** p .000 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 300 300 300 300 300 300 SE Pre PC .284** .284** .641** .423** .598** p .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 300 300 300 300 300 BMI Pre PC .094 .234** .677** .308** p .102 .000 .000 .000 N 300 300 300 300 Vex Post PC . .259** .242** .467** p .000 .000 .000 N 300 300 300 SE Post PC .410** .686** p .000 .000 N 300 300 BMI Post PC . .581** p .000 N 300 PHYACT Post PC. p. N Task 7: Table 7: The independent sample t-test run on the post-test results of the 4 variables named Self- efficacy (M=3.256± . 900), Value expectancy (M=1.994± 1.099), Body Mass Index (M=27.237 ±4.533) and Physical Activity (M=577.738± 230.104) showed higher scores for post-test for males than the female group. The independent sample t-test (Table: 7.1) didn’t show any statistically significant difference in the means of self-efficacy, value expectancy and physical activity for females but the body mass index show any statistically significant difference in means for them. All other means were slightly higher for males with a negligible effect. Table 7: Descriptive statistics of Variables from Independent sample t-test Assignment (Control and Treatment) Group N Mean Std. Deviation Female Male Female Male Female Male SE 158 142 3.155 3.256 .883 .900 VE 158 142 1.899 1.994 1.01 1.099 BMI 158 142 24.605 27.237 4.294 4.533 PHY-ACT 158 142 537.696 577.738 189.330 230.104 The treatment group's means were higher than the control group's means. Table 7.1: Independent sample t-test on Variables Variables t (298) p Cohen’s d SE -.981 .328 .11 VE -.778 .437 .09 BMI -5.162 .000 .59 PHY-ACT (Experimental) -1.652 .100 .20 For Self- efficacy, t (298) = --.981; value expectancy, t (298) = -.778; body mass index, t (298)= -5.162 and for physical activity t (298)= -1.652; p>.05 except for body mass index. The effect sizes for the above-mentioned four variables are 11%, 9%, 59% and 20% respectively. source..