Sexual Harassment and Job Involvement (Research Paper Sample)

46418525463500GLOBAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY
Volume 13 Issue 4 Version 1.0 Year 2013
Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
Online ISSN: 2249-4588 & Print ISSN: 0975-5853
The Relationship between Sexual Harassment and Job Involvement in Female Teachers: A Literature Review
By Syed Nadeem Abbas Haider & Mr Arif Vaseer
Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad, Pakistan
-596265381000
Abstract - This paper qualitatively reviewed the interaction between sexual harassment and job involvement among female teaching staff in Pakistan. The intensive literature review on the topic, along with personal cultural experience induced this study to conclude that the featured variables have an inverse relation with each other, with reference to female teaching staff in Pakistan.
Keywords : sexual harassment, female teachers, students, mentors, job involvement.
GJMBR-G Classification : JEL Code: J28
THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENSEXUALHARASSMENTANDJOBINVOLVEMENTINFEMALETEACHERSALITERATUREREVIEW
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© 2013. By Syed Nadeem Abbas Haider & Mr Arif Vaseer. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The Relationship between Sexual Harassment and Job Involvement in Female Teachers: A Literature Review
Syed Nadeem Abbas Haider α & Mr Arif Vaseer σ
-14922520510500
Abstract - This paper qualitatively reviewed the interaction between sexual harassment and job involvement among female teaching staff in Pakistan. The intensive literature review on the topic, along with personal cultural experience induced this study to conclude that the featured variables have an inverse relation with each other, with reference to female teaching staff in Pakistan.
Keywords : sexual harassment, female teachers, stu-dents, mentors, job involvement.
* INTRODUCTION
This research effort intends to provide a theoretical base, for the observation of interaction level between, sexual harassment and job involvement, amongst the teaching staff of the Pakistani educational
facilities.
Various prior studies, defined the term sexual harassment while According to Abrams, (1998), sexual harrasment, is a multidimensional mechnism conceived in order to force females into psychological and sexual slavery of men. This kind of thinking is stemming from
males’ percieved autonomy over females.
Sexual harrasment takes various forms ranging from immoral comments, to more intensive sorts. While GelFand, Fitzgerald, & Drasgow, (1995), define it, as a phenomenon subjective to the attitude and beliefs of the persons involved in it. The dimensions of this construct are gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention and
sexual coercion.
On the other hand, job involvement could be defined as a degree, upto which the employee is devoted to his or her profeesion, (Ha-Young). The relevant dimensions of the construct, are job as a mean of contentment, emotional attachment to work, work as a center of life and commitment towards professional excellence (Kejner & Lodahl, 1965).
a) Literature Review
The review of relevant studies is provided in the following section
i. Sexual Harassment
During two subsequent studies regarding this construct, a significant disparity is observed, among the viewpoints of both the genders concerning sexual
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Author α : Student , Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad. Author σ : Associate Professor, Marketing, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University Islamabad.
harassment. Females are found to be more inclined towards believing routine activities as stemming from the concerning variable, than their opposite gender, (Blumenthal, 1998) and (Rotundo, Nguyen, & Sackett, 2001). Thus, in legal issues relevant to this construct, this divergence should be considered. The similar conclusion, is shared by Carr, et al., (2001), in which they report females to have a overwhelming tendency to place a complaint about sexually abusive behavior than males, this is due to their natural instinct to make theirselves appear victimized, through which, they can often enable themselves to pull off favors from their supervisors.
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On the other hand Gruber, (1998) observes an imperative role of the frequent interpersonal interaction among both the genders, in fueling the probability of the sexual offense on the female. Further research identifies, that atleast half of the feminine workforce experienced severe sexual assault directly or indirectly during their education or job, (Fitzgerald, 1993), so it is evident, that, this painful dilemma, is spreading globally.
A profound study, established a positive relationship, between the variable under study and the detoriating cognitive health of educational institutions’ employees. (Richman, et al., 1999).
The medical staff carrying out, their duties in the patients’ homes, suffer from mental disturbance, due to frequent undesired sexual advances from male patients and his family members as well. This is causing these professionals to lose focus on their job. In another study similar results are highlighted in the context of training atmosphere of medics (Barling, Rogers, & Kelloway, 2001), and (Komaromy, Bindman, Haber, & Sande, 1993), due to this reason, hospital staff often commit fatal mistakes, which could endanger patients’ life.
The featured social disease would tend to increase swiftly, if the firm’s norms are supporting sexual harrasment (Fitzgerald, Drasgow, Hulin, Gelfand, & Maglay, 1997). The similar findings are presented in the work of Valeri, Croninger, Linn, & Chen, (1996) where they highlighted the environment of educational facilities in US, as plagued with sexual harrasment, where it is a norm for the students to experience the painfulness, due to poor sexual orientation of their fellow pupils.
In another study, the detriorating condition of educational facilities is made prominent. In another
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study, senior students’ growing tendency to inflict sexual pain on their juniors is made prominent (Mcmaster, Connolly, Pepler, & Craig, 2002). This problem may persist due to consideration of sexual harrasment, as a nonissue by the supervisory staff.
According to Lim & Cortina, (2005), there is a direct link, between the presence of sexual abuse and pervelence of low ethical interpersonal interaction, amongst the opposite sexes. There is a significant unconstructive influence on employment satisfaction of female employees, who are working across several industries, due to a constant but undesirable exposure to sexual oriented concentration from the members of countersex (Schneider, Swan, & Fitzgerald, 1997). This development is consuming their focus on their job and therefore resulting in substaintial decline in their job commitment as well. Thus increasing job abandonment in female workforce.
Racism is also playing its due role in spreading out this evergrowing desire of sexual pleasure (Mecca & Rubin, 1999). Majority of African females are suffering
from this racial-sexual of harrasment. Female fuculty members are also not safe from sexual harrasment, this
is evident from the observation of Matchen, Desouza, & Eros, (2000), in which this team of renown authors highlighted the presence of increasing propensity in students, to covertly approach their female teachers, with a hidden sexual agenda in their minds. This is compelling the victims to be fearful and they are attempting to limitize their encounters with their male students. This regretful series of incidents is also hindering, the teachers’ ability to transfer knowledge and experience to their students.
ii. Job Involvement
Attachment towards one’s profession causes him or her to extract happiness and contentment from the work therefore, a direct and supportive relation is discovered, between the psychosomatic environment of working in the firm and the degree of importance which employee gives to his or her job. (Brown & Leigh, 1996), it is suggested, that organizations should work hard to foster a supportive mental environment in its setup, to enhance employee productivity.
Interestingly, when the value of the job in the eyes of employee drops, then his or her absorbtion in the work also declines (Hamner & Tosi, 1974).
In the view of Dieffendorff, Brown, Kamin, & Lord, (2002), when the work attachment increases in the member of staff, his or her belonging to the institute also experiernces the same, because of this reason the organization should make the work more interesting, through offering greater degree of autonomy and flex timing to its workers in order to cultivate a developing interest in the work, which will also reduce the job withdrawal in the longer run.
The link among, the level of dedication towards the job, professional gratification and attachment with the firm, is somewhat noticable (Knoop). The...