Foundations of Sociology in Cosmopolitan Harm Conventions (Term Paper Sample)

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Article Outline
A detailed outline of the article “Citizenship, Humanity, and Cosmopolitan Harm Conventions” by Andrew Linklater.
Theme: The development, and role of cosmopolitan harm conventions and incorporation to modernism to enhance humanity in a divided, hostile world.
Introduction
Foundations of Sociology in Cosmopolitan Harm Conventions.
Founded by sociologists with the aim of providing protection to people who suffer from avoidable distress and inhumane treatment.
Majors on a study done by international society of The English school.
The English school’s role is to assert its account and address the means through which states cooperate to decrease harm to external relations.
Different views exist regarding the ideal mode of behavior that cooperations should operate under to ensure the protection of the citizens and non-sovereign associations, The English School insists that harm conventions are designed to serve this purpose.
The development of Harm Conventions
Harm conventions emerged from theorists of seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Was as a result of people being divided into citizens of different states.
Different states were at war that caused more deaths in a day than the deaths previously experienced in centuries. Discrimination was based on a person’s citizenship.
Theorists like Rousseau and Kant worked on theoretical approaches that would give solutions to the problems.
Kant – his theory emphasized that people would need to embrace dual citizenship in which they would consider themselves as citizens of their states and also citizens of the wide community of humankind. Some theorists proposed that an international government would solve the inhumane crisis.
The effectiveness of cosmopolitanism with the obstacle of having multiple states is debatable.
Different approaches question whether it is inevitable that people from different states will have opposing perceptions about each other.
It is unclear whether or not modern international systems are different and improved compared to earlier world political organizations. Currently the conventions focus on curbing harm to people from different borders.
Cosmopolitan Harm Conventions
A Cosmopolitan Harm Convention is rooted in the fact that it doesn’t privilege interests of insiders over those of outsiders.
Example: The principle that prisoners of war should be entitled to live a decent life while in confinement.
Focuses on the importance of friendship is vital and that humanity should be embraced regardless of the differences between communities.
Harm conventions are found in all societies and have the duty to assess permissible relations with others.
They also outline forms of injuries that members of the community are prone to on the extremes, in order to regulate human behaviors towards other human beings, nonhuman species and the environment at large.
Some lack Cosmopolitan Harm Conventions I.e. the acknowledgement that people are divided by states and cultures but the differences are not sufficient to result in animosity and war. Societies have different levels of ethical considerations regarding duties that cosmopolitanism assigns to insiders and outsiders.
The English School: civility in international relations
Acknowledges an improvement in systems of international relations not to satisfactory levels for cosmopolitanism.
Credited as the common ground for realists and cosmopolitans since it realizes that societies are not in a continuous state of war nor are they immersed too deep into hostility that they can’t rediscover principles of peace and coexistent.
Societies have grown in size and knowledge hence more equipped now to monitor progress of human rights in different domains.
Control measure are established to prevent animosities like genocide, apartheid, and torture. Principles of order are judged to be so by their capacity to promote world order.
The Nature and Poten...