Ethical Economic or Social Political Theories (Term Paper Sample)

APA FORMAT
ETHICAL, ECONOMIC OR SOCIAL-POLITICAL THEORIES
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QUESTION 1
1 Ten past or contemporary thinkers who have developed ethical, economic or social-political theories that outlines better economy or society.
The following are names of famous thinkers that developed theories, which helped and has helped develop better ethical, economic and social political states from their innovations.
Wolf Lepenles (1991) He said that –"Two years of unbelievable political change in Europe have been sufficient to proscribe the use of the word utopian. But no one talks about utopian anymore”
Kori Max – He made a major and enduring contribution to our understanding on social – economic systems.
Therstein Vebler- He addressed economic evolution and institutional changes.
Joseph Schumpeter – He broke bonds of equilibrium in mainstream theory and highlighted innovation and entrepreneurship.
Fredrich Hayek – He analyzed the nature of role of knowledge in market economics.
Confucus M – Emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relations, justice and sincerity.
Mozi – Emphasized on restraint, self reflection and authenticity rather than obedience to ritual.
Fredrich Engels – He referred to all socialists’ ideas that simply presented a vision and distant goal on the ethically just society as utopian.
Thomas Paine – He struck at the tents of organized religious in a philosophy called Deism.
Auguste Conte – Developed positive philosophy in an attempt to remedy the social malaise and calling for a new social doctrine based on science.
Stacy Adams- Helped explains why pay and conditions alone do not determine motivation.
The above have massively contributed to better economy and societies. Everyone had a theory that has greatly made the world what it is today.
QUESTION 2
1 How you define and see ideas or concepts of freedom, equality, justice and fairness.
Freedom – Is the state of being free or at liberty rather than confinement or under physical restraint. To stress on this Hagel wrote "Of no idea can it be stated with such complete justification that it is vague, ambiguous, and capable of generating the greatest misunderstanding, and therefore liable to be misunderstood, as the idea of freedom, and no idea is discussed with so little understanding of its nature." This problem is always in two phenomenon’s. One is the material and the mental side.
The problem here rises when one has too much freedom without restriction or sanctions about something. Someone may have freedom of speech but uses that freedom to preach hatred to other people; this has always leaded to killing. Its occurrences are in the political areas. From centuries politicians have always fought because of power.
Equality – It’s ensuring that individuals or groups are treated equally and no less favorable, specific to their needs, race, gender, age, sexual orientation, religion and disability. The problem here is major from the discussed ways on how one can be discriminated. Race and religion are the major problems here. For example the white’s view the black as marginalized and as people who are not eligible to same rights as them, this has happened from colonization.
The next is religion for example some Islamic places say that Christians are not religious and they are eligible to death. This still happens even in today’s world. The other is sexual orientations; men have always been the ‘big five’ while the women have been sat on. They have been told that their places are in kitchens and they should be men’s slaves.
Justice – This is maintenance or administration of what is just, especially by impartial judgments of conflict claims, or assignment of merited rewards or punishment. This occurs in courts, conflicts of interests between citizens (Raws, 2002) because people prefer a large, to a smaller share of the benefits of social co-operation and people have ideological differences.
The main problem here occurs on criminals and courts. For example it tends that the rich, leaders and those with political influences have little or are not answerable to criminal charges that they may be involved in. From judges, to judgment given, they tend to win the cases even if they are guilty while the less fortunate and needy, all their cases are answerable as criminal charges and they end up in jails.
Fairness – It refers to quality of making judgments that are free and fair from any discrimination. When people feel fairly or advantageously treated they are more likely to be motivated, when they feel unfairly treated they are highly prone to feelings of disaffection and demotivation. The major problems here occur in working places.
For example employees seek to maintain equality between the inputs that they bring to the job and the outcomes they receive from it. People value fair treatment which causes them to be motivated, to keep fairness maintained within the relationships and their co –workers of the organization. (Adams,1963)
QUESTION 5
2 What is the role of state in the economy and society is more just, fair and equal.
Government is the main promoter of public values such as justice that are essential to a good society. Without strong public sector, life in the world states would less just, less free, more unequal, and even more insecure. We all believe in justice, fairness, and that all citizens of different states of the world should be treated as equals.
One can realize that if she or he is an avid supporter of public values like equality, fairness, and justice then one should be an avid supporter of the government. A government or state is often the only institution that can make these kinds of core political values a reality. In fact, without an active and healthy public sector those kinds of public values would be very short supply.
Take just for instance. It’s not usually provided by market place or even created by the actions of individuals. But more often it’s something that can be only provided and sustained in public sphere by the actions of government organizations like courts and the legislatures. If we want a just, equal or fair society, then working through the government to get it is the only way.
This argument sentence that, the government is an essential mechanism for realizing vital public values (mozi,1978) is an important one in making the case of a government. A state and its government is good not simply because it provides us as individuals with certain services and other benefits as discussed but also because it is the main way to promote important values that are good for us as whole and those of public interests.
Many people actually share this value – oriented vision of government. It’s their rights to get involved, be it women, people with disabilities, different religions, different races or anyone else. A society, state and religion are the things that lead to economic, political and social growth. One gets involved in politics and the government process not because he or she wants something for themselves but because they want to promote certain democratic values such as fairness, freedom or equality that they feel are important and beneficial to the society.
If they are not restricted to do so or emerging sanctions that prevents them to do so, then that state and its government is just. The people involved in the government have a vision of what is good society and they try to use the government to make such a vision a reality.
5.1 Religion
Many think that religion occurs in churches, temples or other spiritual places of gathering alone but this is incorrect. Thinker’s views are that society and religion are two separate entities. While this view appears correct on the surface, closer look at the religion and society reveals that the two are not separate at all, but intricately interconnected. To be realistic, religion is inherent within society aspects, and religion beliefs affect areas such as politics, economics and cultural values. Different religions form relationships in societies. In such religions insight for understanding about the society is in existence, as well as comparison of these religions and their relationship with the society. (Webber, 1961)
Not a single known society holds some form of religion, tough religious beliefs and practices many vary from a culture to another. The most influential religions in the world’s history are Islam, Judaism and Christianity. Churches, sects and denominations are the four major types of religions organizations.
Religion movements have also prayed a control part in the development of religion in general and have influenced other aspects of social life. Though the influence of religions has declined, religions are certainly not on the verge of disappearing. From the long historical perspectives, the influence of religions has been weakened by the process of secularization. (Max, 1989)
Religious beliefs gives meaning to life, to cultural values like just, fairness and equality, and no experience associated with them providing personal gratification, political push, as well as release from the frustrations anxieties of today’s daily life.
Religions have been in the fore front in fighting for equality, fairness and justice. From the discussed influence of the religions and their movements, we can tell that they have tried in making passed societies, todays and societies to come a better world. Though from interventions and regulations from the unjust states and governments as...