Cervical Cancer (Term Paper Sample)

Cervical Cancer: A Preventable Public Health Challenge Abstract Cervical cancer is a preventable yet significant public health concern affecting women globally. This paper explores the etiology of cervical cancer, focusing on the role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection. It examines screening methods, early detection strategies, and current treatment options. Additionally, the paper discusses the importance of vaccination and preventive measures in reducing the burden of cervical cancer. Introduction Cervical cancer is a malignancy arising from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. While largely preventable, it remains a significant public health issue, particularly in regions with limited access to screening and vaccination programs. This paper aims to provide an overview of cervical cancer, including its causes, risk factors, screening techniques, treatment approaches, and preventive measures. Etiology The primary cause of cervical cancer is infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a group of over 200 different viruses. Certain HPV strains, particularly HPV 16 and 18, are considered high-risk and contribute to the development of cervical cancer by altering the DNA of cervical cells [American Cancer Society, 2023]. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV strains over a prolonged period can lead to precancerous lesions and eventually, cervical cancer if left untreated. Risk Factors Besides HPV infection, several factors can increase the risk of developing cervical cancer: Weakened Immune System: Conditions suppressing the immune system, such as HIV/AIDS, can make it harder to fight off HPV infection. Smoking: Smoking damages cervical cells and weakens the immune system, contributing to HPV persistence. Multiple Sexual Partners: Having multiple sexual partners increases the chance of exposure to HPV. Early Age of First Intercourse: Initiating sexual activity at a young age provides less time for the cervix to fully mature, potentially increasing susceptibility to HPV. Family History: A family history of cervical cancer slightly increases an individual's risk. Screening and Early Detection Regular cervical cancer screening plays a crucial role in early detection and successful treatment. The two main screening methods are: Pap Smear: This test involves collecting a cell sample from the cervix to be examined for abnormalities that may indicate precancer. HPV Test: This test directly detects the presence of high-risk HPV strains. The recommended screening schedule for women with an average risk typically involves a Pap smear every 3 years or a combined HPV and Pap smear co-test every 5 years starting at age 21 [American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2020]. Early detection allows for timely intervention through treatment of precancerous lesions, preventing them from progressing into full-blown cervical cancer. Treatment Options The treatment approach for cervical cancer depends on several factors, including the stage and severity of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Common treatment options include: Surgery: Surgical procedures may involve removal of the cervix, uterus, or surrounding lymph nodes. Radiation Therapy: High-energy beams are used to target and destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy: Powerful drugs are used to kill cancer cells throughout the body. Target...