How Early Negative Influences Impact Life Outcomes (Annotated Bibliography Sample)

Annotated Bibliography
How do Early Negative Influences Impact Life Outcomes?
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Annotated Bibliography
Reavis, J. A., Looman, J., Franco, K., & Rojas, B. (2013). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Criminality: How Long Must We Live before We Possess Our Own Lives? The Permanente Journal, 17(2), 44-48. doi:10.7812/TPP/12-072
This article investigates how Adverse Childhood Experiences are linked to an array of repugnant consequences in adulthood including psychic and physical health dysfunctions and hostile acts. Owing to the ever-increasing engagement in crime in San Diego, California especially among teenagers and adolescents, the researchers aspire to address the key question on why individuals who engage in or witness violent acts such as poor parenting, physical fighting, dating violence, and bullying develop aggressive behavior later in life. This generates the hypothesis in the article that teenagers who witness physical abuse and murder may be forced or coerced into the same behavior especially if these acts descend from people they recognize. Using mailed questionnaires administered to over 17,000 patients, the researchers collected data regarding adverse childhood events linked to physical or emotional abuse and household dysfunction. These patients or subjects recorded their involvement in any of these adversities. Data was also collected from a sample of 151 adult male offenders who were court-ordered to undergo outpatient mental therapy after a sentence in criminal court. By use of a descriptive approach, the researchers were at liberty to observe the life experiences of these adult offenders. The conclusion drawn from the study indicated that past traumatic events especially physical violence contributes immensely to future criminal violence. Also, the offender group recorded almost four accounts as numerous adverse experiences in adolescence than the adult male normative group. The study was limited to the incorporation of self-report data which could have fostered biased recording from the subjects regarding their experiences. Future research should investigate how to reduce criminal recidivism by focusing on the impacts of early negative influences.
Piquero, A. R., & Brame, R. W. (2008, July 1). Assessing the Race–Crime and Ethnicity–Crime Relationship in a Sample of Serious Adolescent Delinquents. Crime Delinq, 54(3), 390-422.
This main purpose of this article is to establish and understand the relation between race and offensive activities in the long run. The key question the author is addressing is why there is an overrepresentation of the black race involvement in official crime compared to the White race. While the White race engages in future crimes, there are few