Comparison between Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation (Coursework Sample)

Comparison between Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation
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Q4: Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation


Fig: encapsulation and decapsulation
All communications in a communication network start from a source to destination. Information sent on a network is referred to as data packets. If data is to be sent from source to destination, it must first be encapsulated in a process called encapsulation (Milner, 2010). This is wrapping data with necessary protocol information before starting its transit on the network. Therefore, data receives headers, trailers and other information as it moves down the OSI layers from application layer to the physical layer. This is called encapsulation. The network performs these actions during encapsulation: build the data, package the data for end-to-end transport, add the IP address to the header, add the data link layer header and trailer and convert bits for transmission.
On the receiving side, the inverse of this must happen in order for information to retrieved from the application layer.
B.
This is a medium access method used to share access medium. The statement means that the best opportunity for the node to pass data on such a network is when no other node is trying to send information. In that case, the medium is available since it is not engaged.
C.
“Backing off” is the action taken by the nodes of stopping them from transmitting information for a certain amount of time and then trying again later. When the nodes sense that the medium is busy i.e. another node is transmitting, they stop transmitting for a certain amount of time. This, therefore, stops collision of information from different nodes.
D.
If the random back off proves ineffective, there are available refinements, which include CSMA collision detection, which monitors the media for the presence of data signal. The other one is CSMA/collision avoidance, which examines the media for presence of data signal.
Question 2
i. guarantees of the UK government to waive fees payable for the allocated frequencies required for the London 2012 games and to allocate the required frequencies for the organization of the London 2012 games.
ii. Bodies responsible are the UKSSC (cabinet official committee on UK Spectrum Energy) and the Olympic Board. The UKSSC is charged with:
Drawing up policies and strategic plans for the future allocation of spectrum in such a way as to meet the needs of users in both the public and private sectors and in industry, with emphasis on the provision of vital services and the generation of National wealth;
Oversees the management and regulation of spectrum to ensure that agreed plans are correctly implemented, that efficient use is made of available capacity and that spectrum is used to the best national advantage;
And determines positions in line with national interests to be taken by the UK in international fora dealing with spectrum management.
On the other hand, the Olympic Board provides an oversight role of strategic co-ordination and monitoring of the London 2012 games.
iii. Command and control market forces.
To make extra spectrum available, Ofcom intends to obtain spectrum from UK public sector bodies notably the Ministry of Defense and the civil aviation authority.
ii. For wireless cameras, Ofcom will make spectrum at 7000, 10 GHz and above available for wireless cameras. As well, Ofcom will use the 3400-3600 MHz under the defence custody for wireless cameras.
Some respondents have expre...