Advantages Of Using Mammography In Breast Cancer Screening (Essay Sample)

Qualitative Data on Mammography Technique for Breast Cancer
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Qualitative Data on Mammography Technique for Breast Cancer
Introduction
Mammography is a new technique used for the discovery of tumours that are slight to be felt by a medical doctor on women breast which is the common cause of neoplasm that has the leading cause of cancer-related death in womenADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "ISBN" : "1673-4254", "ISSN" : "1673-4254 (Print)", "PMID" : "27113176", "abstract" : "OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic value of mammography, computed tomography (CT), and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for axillary lymph node staging in breast cancer patients. METHODS: From February, 2014 to October, 2015, 109 women with breast cancer received examinations with preoperative mamography, CT, and DCE-MRI. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the 3 modalities were evaluated using histopathologic assessments as the gold standard. RESULTS: In total, 39.4% (43/109) of the patients had axillary lymph node metastasis. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of mamography for determining lymph node metastasis were 14.0%, 84.8%, 56.9%, 37.5% and 60.0%, respectively; those of CT were 93.0%, 57.6%, 71.6%,58.8% and 92.7%, and those of DCE-MRI were 95.3%, 65.2%, 77.1%, 64.1% and 95.6%, respectively. Compared with the histopathologic result, the Kappa coefficients of mamography, CT, and DCE-MRI were -0.13, 0.459 and 0.558, respectively. The specificity of mamography was significantly higher (P<0.05), but its sensitivity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were significantly lower than those of CT and DCE-MRI (P<0.05). Compared with CT, DCE-MRI had significantly higher sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for diagnosis of lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: DCE-MRI has a greater diagnostic power than CT and mammography, and CT has a greater diagnostic power than mammography for axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients. Mamography alone should be used cautiously for the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Wu", "given" : "Pei-Qi", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Liu", "given" : "Chun-Ling", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Liu", "given" : "Zai-Yi", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Ye", "given" : "Wei-Tao", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Liang", "given" : "Chang-Hong", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "4", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2016" ] ] }, "page" : "493-499", "title" : "[Value of mamography, CT and DCE-MRI in detecting axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer].", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "36" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=be129efe-7639-4fe2-ae86-17b4186646b4", "/documents/?uuid=1b10a1a5-9bbe-4903-be32-72bda62a6d38" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Wu, Liu, Liu, Ye, & Liang, 2016)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Wu, Liu, Liu, Ye, & Liang, 2016)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Wu, Liu, Liu, Ye, & Liang, 2016)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Wu, Liu, Liu, Ye, & Liang, 2016). The procedure involves taking a mammography using x-ray machine on the suspected breast under very low radiations. Contrary, this procedure has small risks to women over 35 years who annually undergo mammography screening. Similarly, young women with BRCA mutation gene face the danger of breast cancer. Despite the risks which come with mammography screening of breasts saves lives of many women.
Data Visualization
Approximately 252,710 new cases are at the risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer while 40,860 deaths are reported annually in the US (Siu et al., 2016). By the use of line graphs published by the National Cancer Institute showing statistics on cancer deaths among females every year, the government can put in place adequate cancer facilities to minimise the death rate. The graphs portray the trend of new cases each year and more deaths among females, and the death rate is increasing hence action has to be taken to curb this situation. This is shown in the line graph below:
The institute also used pie charts to represent the spread and confinement of cancerous cells in the women’s bodies. The analysis gives evidence that due to lack of favourable medical care, the disease manifests itself entirely and diagnosis is made when it is too late. The chart shows that there is minimal survival in many cases. Therefore, to effectively curb this condition the government through the health sector should come up with strategies for controlling it in its early stages. This can be done by building more mammography screening facilities to ensure more women are screened and the condition controlled at its early stages.
However, a table representation in Cancer Journal for Clinicians for estimated cases and deaths of various types of cancer among females showed that the numbers affected are minimal. This picture may hinder the process of embracing free cancer health care, therefore, this data cannot be used in analysing the possibilities of putting the discussed amendment into action.
Benefits of Mammograms
According to, ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.3322/caac.21208.", "ISBN" : "1542-4863 (Electronic)\\r0007-9235 (Linking)", "ISSN" : "1542-4863", "PMID" : "24399786", "abstract" : "Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States in the current year and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data were collected by the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and mortality data were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 1,665,540 new cancer cases and 585,720 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2014. During the most recent 5 years for which there are data (2006-2010), delay-adjusted cancer incidence rates declined slightly in men (by 0.6% per year) and were stable in women, while cancer death rates decreased by 1.8% per year in men and by 1.4% per year in women. The combined cancer death rate (deaths per 100,000 population) has been continuously declining for 2 decades, from a peak of 215.1 in 1991 to 171.8 in 2010. This 20% decline translates to the avoidance of approximately 1,340,400 cancer deaths (952,700 among men and 387,700 among women) during this time period. The magnitude of the decline in cancer death rates from 1991 to 2010 varies substantially by age, race, and sex, ranging from no decline among white women aged 80 years and older to a 55% decline among black men aged 40 years to 49 years. Notably, black men experienced the largest drop within every 10-year age group. Further progress can be accelerated by applying existing cancer control knowledge across all segments of the population.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Siegel", "given" : "Rebecca", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Ma", "given" : "Jiemin", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Zou", "given" : "Zhaohui", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Jemal", "given" : "Ahmedin", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "CA: a cancer journal for clinicians", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2014" ] ] }, "page" : "9-29", "title" : "Cancer statistics, 2014", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "64" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=738a128d-fafe-4009-b6fa-5401909ab508", "/documents/?uuid=6f8c1927-6f0c-48d1-b995-bfbe4b10ee4d" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Siegel, Ma, Zou, & Jemal, 2014)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Siegel, Ma, Zou, & Jemal, 2014)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Siegel, Ma, Zou, & Jemal, 2014)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }(Siegel, Ma, Zou, & Jemal, 2014) studies show how mammography saves lives of most women in the US. Almost all women who underwent the process and the tumors detected in the early stages are reported to have survived. Therefore, if detected at an early stage there is a 98% chance of surviving since the identified part can be removed before it spreads to other areas of the body. New case studies show that treatment of the tumours may not involve mastectomy but the removal of the tumor from the tissue may be used in conjunction with the radiation. One may also take drugs to lower the risk since they block the effect of the hormone oestrogen which causes breast cancer to grow. The results from this analysis are estimated to be cost ...