Cardiac Delivery Routes for Progenitor Cells and Possible Mechanisms of Action in the Heart (Essay Sample)

Cardiac delivery routes for progenitor cells and possible mechanisms of action in the heart
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Cardiac delivery routes for progenitor cells and possible mechanisms of action in the heart
Despite major therapeutic developments, cardiac failure remains to be the major cause of death globally. Presently, progenitor/stem cell biology grasps great hope for a new era of cell-based treatment for recouping the failing heart. Nevertheless, the transformation arm of stem cell/progenitor science is in a comparatively primitive condition, and this is because the medical trials have been both disappointing and encouraging for the time being. Therefore, the main issues to aid the transformation of cardiogenic stem cell study to a much advanced step may be to develop the engraftment, appropriate differentiation, and the long-term survival of transplanted stem cell/progenitor in the cardiovascular tissues.
ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1093/bmb/ldq005", "ISSN" : "00071420", "PMID" : "20200014", "abstract" : "Heart failure is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The current strategies for treatment are limited and new therapeutic approaches are needed. This review describes research performed in animal models of cardiac disease and clinical trials and discusses the mechanisms involved in possible beneficial effects of cell therapy. Cell therapy is a promising strategy to treat heart failure, as it aims to replenish the failing myocardium with contractile elements. However, cell therapy with adult progenitor cells induces a small improvement in heart function without significant cardiomyogenesis. Paracrine mechanisms are likely to be important. The most effective cell type for therapy remains unclear. Induced pluripotent stem cells have the greatest potential but more information on the properties of this cell type is needed. The integration of cells in the host myocardium and the routes of delivery remain controversial. The differentiation of cardiac cells from pluri- and multipotent cells and the understanding of their properties are growing points in cell therapy. More research is needed to correctly assess the physiological properties of differentiating cells, to dissect the role of the host environment in the integration and differentiation and to define the stage of differentiation required for cell transplantation.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Lee", "given" : "Joon", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Terracciano", "given" : "Cesare M.", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "British Medical Bulletin", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2010" ] ] }, "page" : "65-80", "title" : "Cell therapy for cardiac repair", "type" : "article", "volume" : "94" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=40772242-4cfd-491a-8c04-957c32b8063c" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Lee & Terracciano 2010)", "manualFormatting" : "Lee & Terracciano (2010)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Lee & Terracciano 2010)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Lee & Terracciano 2010)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }Lee & Terracciano (2010), displayed that progenitor cells redevelop murine cardiomyocytes after a heart injury; however, they vanish after a year of normal aging. Besides, taking advantage of the integration of carbon-14 into Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ADDIN CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "DOI" : "10.1073/pnas.2132126100", "ISBN" : "2132126100", "ISSN" : "0027-8424", "PMID" : "14530411", "abstract" : "Potential repair by cell grafting or mobilizing endogenous cells holds particular attraction in heart disease, where the meager capacity for cardiomyocyte proliferation likely contributes to the irreversibility of heart failure. Whether cardiac progenitors exist in adult myocardium itself is unanswered, as is the question whether undifferentiated cardiac precursor cells merely fuse with preexisting myocytes. Here we report the existence of adult heart-derived cardiac progenitor cells expressing stem cell antigen-1. Initially, the cells express neither cardiac structural genes nor Nkx2.5 but differentiate in vitro in response to 5'-azacytidine, in part depending on Bmpr1a, a receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins. Given intravenously after ischemia/reperfusion, cardiac stem cell antigen 1 cells home to injured myocardium. By using a Cre/Lox donor/recipient pair (alphaMHC-Cre/R26R), differentiation was shown to occur roughly equally, with and without fusion to host cells.", "author" : [ { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Oh", "given" : "Hidemasa", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Bradfute", "given" : "Steven B", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Gallardo", "given" : "Teresa D", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Nakamura", "given" : "Teruya", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Gaussin", "given" : "Vinciane", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Mishina", "given" : "Yuji", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Pocius", "given" : "Jennifer", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Michael", "given" : "Lloyd H", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Behringer", "given" : "Richard R", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Garry", "given" : "Daniel J", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Entman", "given" : "Mark L", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" }, { "dropping-particle" : "", "family" : "Schneider", "given" : "Michael D", "non-dropping-particle" : "", "parse-names" : false, "suffix" : "" } ], "container-title" : "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issue" : "21", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2003" ] ] }, "page" : "12313-12318", "title" : "Cardiac progenitor cells from adult myocardium: homing, differentiation, and fusion after infarction.", "type" : "article-journal", "volume" : "100" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=e7494dc0-b71f-4976-8f74-ff240f8570d3" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "formattedCitation" : "(Oh et al. 2003)", "manualFormatting" : "Oh et al. (2003)", "plainTextFormattedCitation" : "(Oh et al. 2003)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Oh et al. 2003)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" }Oh et al. (2003), discovered a technique of determining the age of cardiomyocytes. They displayed that the human cardiomyocytes regenerated themselves at a projected rate of 1% per year at 20 years of age, decreasing to 0.4 per annum at 75 years of age. At 50 years of age, 55% of the human cardiomyocytes endure from birth, whereas 45% are usually generated afterwards. Although the rate of turnover is low, the point that it happens at all makes it possibly appealing curatively. Therefore, further research must be taken so as to evaluate the mechanism on how the heart losses its regenerative capability after birth.
Figure 1
Illustration of the mechanisms of progenitor/stem cell involved in repairing the heart
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