ARTIFICIAL BIONIC HUMAN HEART (Essay Sample)

The Artificial Heart
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Abstract
This paper is an overall survey of the artificial heart and the positive and the negative chronicles related to it. The paper generally discusses the history of the artificial heart, the founder and the people he tested it on first, and how it advances to the level of being approved by the healthcare system. The assessment looks at the gadgets' modern technological capabilities and limitations and contrasts them to data on established treatments for final heart disease (Cohrs et al., 958. The existing and prospective funds from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) are assessed because actualizing a technology's potential is closely tied to the additional research and innovation supplied.
Introduction
An artificial heart is a gadget that substitutes the heart, and it is often used to aid patients to wait for cardiac surgery or heart transplant. The Jarvik-7, built by an assembly of people including Willem Johan Kolff, William DeVries, and Robert Jarvik, was the first artificial heart to be safely planted in a person in 1982, despite earlier comparable inventions dating back to the late 1940s. A ventricular assist device (VAD) used to sustain a dying heart is not the same as an artificial heart (Suyeewin, et al., 11.9). It is also not to be confused with a coronary artery bypass graft machine. This external device helps the cardiovascular system work together for a few hours, usually during heart surgery. As a scientific research report, the study deals with the application, background, and a short overview of the innovation, with a particular focus on new technical breakthroughs in the medical field.
The paper will discuss the future of artificial heart technology and any related advancements on the upcoming technologies related to one of the significant objectives related to this study: the importance of NHLBI's consideration to funding all the decisions that come up relating to the artificial heart program (Thangappan et al., 89). Recent advancements related to the technology and how they can be put in place are also discussed in the body of this paper.
The final section in this paper is the implications of the artificial heart program to society and the ethics in the medical sector; such could be issues related to technologies that are not complete, methods of protecting individuals with artificial hearts, and equitable allocation resources, among others (Arabia & Francisco 68). Under issues affecting society, we will also be discussing maximizing profits in ensuring quality health care is provided, theorizing contact to technologies that are not complete.
Artificial Heart
Artificial hearts are often used to help patients wait for surgical intervention or substitute the heart completely if surgery is impossible (Arabia & Francisco 68).
Application of the Artificial Heart in Pharmacological Research.
The heart is employed in pharmacology research; because it is unaffected by cardiac autonomic reflexes, animals with an artificial heart are suitable models for separating the peripheral impacts of heart medicines from the cardiac effects (Jamieson 288). Recent gains in the study's overall outcomes have made it easier to conduct investigations on awake, non-anesthetized animals that have recovered fully from the implantation operation.
Application in cardiovascular research.
Another function of the artificial heart is cardiovascular physiology; complete external regulation of the pumping mechanism is achievable and autonomous on either side, allowing any unphysiological circulatory situation to be easily replicated at will. Given the small number of research centers involved, reports on such studies have been few (Raia 24). The materials used for this study were; calves are weighing 75-101 kilograms, whereby the devices were planted into them. The pumping conditions initially were:
Pumping rate; 90-100 beats per minute
Systole and Diastol; 0.6-0.7
Drive pressure; right= 100-150 mm Hg
Left= 130-230 mm Hg
Vacuum pressure; right= 0 to -25 mm Hg
; left= 0 to -25 mm Hg.
Blood pressure monitoring in the aorta, atria, and pulmonary artery was done at regular intervals using a Statham pressure transducer device. Weighing of the cardiac output was done using the electromagnetic flow meter.
Applications of the artificial heart to patients with primary malignant cardiac tumors.
Primary cardiac and significant vessel abnormalities are exceedingly uncommon, with an incidence of 0.0017 percent to 0.3 percent (1). Malignant tumors account for only 15–25% of all initial heart tumors (2,3). Consequently, most doctors will only see a few instances in their career, leaving them with a limited understanding of the occurrence, histological features, clinical symptoms, pathophysiology, and successful treatment strategies for aggressive cardiac tumors. Due to the scarcity of the condition and the low usage rate of total artificial hearts in these patients, expertise with the use of total artificial hearts in aggressive cardiac abnormalities is limited (Arabia & Francisco 68). Most malignant tumor patients undergo chemotherapy radiations to control the illness since it is always like some form of cancer. The role of radiation is controversial since some studies claim it does not affect the artificial heart while others show that both can be beneficial.
The whole artificial heart is "impervious" to chemotherapy and radioactive material harm because it is a piece of machinery, making it easier to achieve complete universal tumor remission. Most patients who reported inflow/outflow canal blockage or decreased ventricular function experienced substantial symptomatic progression, necessitating immediate surgery (Raia 24). The entire artificial heart does benefit from being immediately available at incepting centers, as opposed to the lengthy workup and awaiting period needed for cardiac surgery.
History of Artificial heart.
Early stages of development; in 1937, Russian scientist Vladimir Demikhov created the very first artificial heart. In a dog, it was transplanted. Henry Opitek, 41, made health history at Harper University Hospital at Wayne State University in Michigan on July 2, 1952, while suffering severe breathing difficulties. The Dodrill-GMR heart device, widely regarded as the first functional mechanical heart, was successfully employed during cardiac surgery. In the 1970s, calves were used in research at Hershey Medical Center's Animals Research Center in Hershey, Pennsylvania. In 1952, Forest Dewey Dodrill, in collaboration with Matthew Dudley, utilized the device to circumvent Henry Opitek's left ventricle for 50 minutes while repairing the aortic valve in the client's left atrium (Jamieson 288). The doctors said that that was the first instance of a patient's mortality when a prosthetic heart system was utilized to pick over the whole-body function of sustaining the body's blood flow. In contrast, the heart was exposed and operated on. The first clinical implantation of the artificial heart took place in 1949 at the Texas heart institute.
Technological advancements.
Since the early 1980s, the primary application of artificial hearts and cardiac assist devices, also known as MCSSs, has remained to offer temporary assistance. In contrast, the cardiac force restores, or the client awaits a heart from a donor. There is now sufficient data for the temporary use of MCSSs (Jamieson 288). Although mechanical hearts have already been placed with the intention of prolonged use for a few cases, and only scarce artificial hearts have remained placed for long-term practice, there is limited information available to govern the efficacy besides long-term dangers. As a result, information from provisional usage of VADs and TAHs, animal studies, and in vitro research is used to assess the technological potential and obstacles in the evolution of the artificial heart.
It is evident that using this information, a reasonably realistic assessment of the latest of MCSSs may be made, considering biocompatibility and mechanical reliability of the systems and components. Other aspects of MCSSs' prospects, including lengthy technological effectiveness, clinical consequences, effectiveness, and life quality effects, are more difficult to predict (Thangappan et al., 89). Scientific trials of completely implanted extensive cardiac contribution devices commence in nineteen ninety-two, with the outcomes having broad consequences for the forthcoming development of long-period TAHs and VADs.
Societal and ethical implications.
Issues raised by technologies that are not complete.
Heart technology ranges from cardiac pacemakers to bone marrow and several other gadgets related to artificial hearts; some of these gadgets are referred to as incomplete technology. Decisions concerning the distribution of benefits and expenses, as well as queries about the methods or systems for assuring access to welfare, fall under the area of equitable and suitable use (Jamieson 288). The question of whether, how, and when to make such technologies available has generated fundamental concerns about the equitable distribution of finite advantages and unavoidable responsibilities within a given community.
Because of the flaws in the decision-making method of developing and employing technologies like the TAH, R&D allocation decisions carry some of the weight of technology-use decisions. NHLBI's decisions about allocating public funding for TAH growth will reac