REPORT ON WAVE ENGINE MODELLING AND SIMULATION (Lab Report Sample)

REPORT ON WAVE ENGINE MODELLING AND SIMULATION Name of Student The Name of the Class: Name of Professor: Name of Institution: City and State: Date: Background information Automotive technology refers to studying the mechanisms of driving cars in the contemporary century. Current trends in technology have led to modification and improvements in car technology, where some models are being replaced while new ones are developed daily. Research in automotive technology entails improvements that make the driving force more efficient and economical. Many companies are also scratching their back to produce vehicle models that stand out from the majority in the market (Genta and Morello, 2019). One of the things taken note of is the driving train that powers the engine of vehicles. Furthermore, automotive technology is helpful to the business industry as it allows the talented people in the world to express their ability to produce the best out of themselves, which in the long run leads to expansion in their economic realms. Automotive technology is a means of finding unused resources to offer a new business opportunity. Automotive engineering is also a branch of vehicle engineering. It incorporates knowledge from mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, electronic software, and other related engineering fields. Automotive engineering has dramatically contributed to the development and expansion of vehicle technology in terms of reducing environmental emissions, which is attributed to environmental conservation. Abstract Based on the contemporary advancements in car technology, different types of powertrains have been developed to help run automotive machines' engines. A powertrain is generally the collection of components or elements that generate the power that moves a vehicle. It amounts to the energy source for a motor vehicle's driving force. The modification of powertrain objects minimizes and reduces the rate of exhaust emissions to a significantly low factor. Three major types of powertrains are used to run vehicle engines. In this report, three major types of powertrains are discussed. These are; internal combustion engine powertrains, hybrid engine powertrains, and fully electric engine powertrains (Kyriakidou et al. 2019). All these three powertrains are dissimilar in some manner considering various merits. One major factor that can be used to distinguish between the three powertrains is the amount of Carbon dioxide emitted per kilometer. An internal combustion engine converts the chemical energy from a fuel into mechanical energy used to drive the vehicle wheels, which implies that fuel is being burnt in the engine, and one of the combustion products is carbon dioxide gas (Leach et al. 2020). Based on literary data, a car powered by an internal combustion engine powertrain emits an average of 0.144kg/km of carbon dioxide when driving on petrol. Considering diesel as a fuel used, the rate goes to an average of 109g/km. A hybrid car is partially dependent on fossil fuel and partially electric. This car is powered by an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors. Therefore, there is some element of fossil fuel combustion in the vehicle engine of a hybris car. On average, a hybrid car emits 0.120kg of carbon dioxide per kilometer. Unlike total internal combustion cars, a hybrid vehicle produces less carbon dioxide. Conversely, a fully electric engine powertrain solely depends on the electric energy stored in batteries to produce the force that drives the vehicle wheels (Weiss et al. 2019). The engine is an electric motor. The electric motor converts the energy from the storage batteries into mechanical energy transmitted to the wheels' axles to produce the rotary motion that drives the wheels. Therefore, a fully electric engine powertrain produces minimal carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide produced by this type of powertrain is due to the generation of electric energy, where some fossil fuel is involved. Therefore, an electric engine powertrain produces an average of 0.70kg/km of carbon dioxide gas. From the above analysis, it can be deduced that these three powertrains do not emit the same amount of carbon dioxide gas per kilometer of a complete drive cycle. Internal combustion engines produce the largest amount of CO2 gas compared to the rest because energy production is solely dependent on fossil fuel combustion. An internal combustion engine is followed by a hybrid engine powertrain (Reitz et al. 2020). a hybrid powertrain produces lesser carbon dioxide because the energy production depends partly on fossil fuel combustion and partly on electric energy, which is stored in batteries in the car. Lastly, it can be concluded that a fully electric engine powertrain produces the least CO2 gas of the three types of powertrains. This is because the electric motor produces the rotational driving force that converts electric energy to mechanical energy. Nevertheless, other factors can be used to compare the three types of powertrains that power motor vehicle engines. These factors include power density, traveling distance, duration of refilling, running and maintenance costs, and vehicle engine efficiency. In terms of engine power density, the power density of fuel in internal combustion and hybrid engines is higher than that of the electric energy in batteries. Comparing the three powertrains in terms of traveling distance, hybrid cars travel a longer distance of more than 300 miles per fill than internal combustion and electric engines. Hybrid engines depend on fossil fuel and electric energy; therefore, they have an advantage over the other two. It is followed by the internal combustion engine, which travels more than 300 miles per fill. Electric cars travel less than 100 miles per charge. Internal combustion engine cars take longer to refill the tank than electric cars. Charging batteries takes a much longer time. Moreover, internal combustion engine powertrain has a higher running and maintenance cost than hybrid and electric engine powertrains. A hybrid engine powertrain has the highest maintenance and running cost because it incorporates the cost of maintaining the electric engine and, at the same time, the internal combustion engine (Olabi et al. 2021). Finally, the efficiency of an internal combustion engine is lower by about 30%. This is lower than that of a fully electric engine which is about 80%. On the other hand, the hybrid engine has an efficiency of about 21-40%. Methodology This section majors on wave engine modeling using Ricardo software. Ricardo is a software for modeling and simulation of vehicle engines without necessarily conducting a physical lab experiment. This software helped to simulate an engine model using parameters whose quantities and measures can not be determined easily in a physical laboratory experiment. This section explains in detail the engine modeled and various methods of data collection and analysis used to gather information at different stages of the modeling and simulation of the wave engine model. The engine modeled was a direct injection type with a capacity of 1.6 liters. It consisted of 4 cylinders, each connected to intake and exhaust ducts with two valves; intake valve and exhaust valve. The cylinders had a bore diameter of 78mm with a stroke of 83.6mm. The length of the connecting rod was 134.7mm—furthermore, the engine cylinders with a displacement of 1598cc with a compression ratio of 10.4. The diameter of the intake valve, or the maximum lift, was 32mm, while that of the exhaust valve was 26.8mm. Each cylinder had one intake valve and one exhaust valve. In addition, the system had an ambient temperature of 293K with an initial ambient pressure of 1.01325 Bar. The piston top temperature was 550K, the cylinder temperature head temperature of 495K, and the cylinder liner temperature was 450K. The model was run with engine speeds starting from 1000rpm to 6000rpm, from which the engine emissions were also taken. The simulation data was recorded in tables and later used to generate graphs and charts. The graphs were then interpreted to produce more comprehensive data records. Data analysis and interpretation The data described and explained below was gathered using the methods defined in the previous section of this report. This section contains the description of the data presented in comparison charts which are presented as a separate document in pdf format alongside this report. Engine power output As presented in the comparison chart, the engine power output at first increases rapidly to a maximum value at a time of about 0.2 seconds. After the engine is fully powered and the vehicle has attained motion, the power output decreases rapidly and remains constant after the vehicle achieves a constant speed of motion. (See figure 3 in the datasheet pdf) Engine torque The engine torque value decreases rapidly from a maximum value to a lower value of 100Nm after about 0.3 seconds. (See figure 4 in the datashee...