COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN OLDER ADULTS. (Other (Not Listed) Sample)

COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN OLDER ADULTS. Course Overview The course on Complications and Management of Osteoporosis in Older Adults is designed to provide nurses with the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively assess, treat, and manage osteoporosis in older adult patients. This course is designed for nurses who work with older adult populations and will provide an in-depth review of the complications and management of osteoporosis, a common condition among older adults. Participants will learn about the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, risk factors, diagnostic tools, and treatments. The course will also address the nursing management of patients with osteoporosis, including patient education and preventive measures. Course Objectives By the end of this course, participants will be able to: 1 Understand the pathophysiology, risk factors, and complications associated with osteoporosis in older adults. 2 Identify appropriate assessment methods and tools for diagnosing osteoporosis. 3 Analyze evidence-based strategies for the prevention and management of osteoporosis-related fractures. 4 Discuss the diagnostic tools and techniques used to diagnose osteoporosis. 5 Discuss pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of osteoporosis. 6 Recognize the role of nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle modifications in promoting bone health. 7 Apply best practices in patient education and counseling for individuals with osteoporosis. 8 Address cultural and ethical considerations in the care of older adults with osteoporosis. 9 Outline the importance of improving care coordination amongst interprofessional team members to aid in preventing osteoporosis and improving outcomes for patients with osteoporosis. Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u 1.Course Overview PAGEREF _Toc136412787 \h 12.Course Objectives PAGEREF _Toc136412788 \h 1MODULE 1: WHAT IS OSTEOPOROSIS? PAGEREF _Toc136412789 \h 4Defining Osteoporosis PAGEREF _Toc136412790 \h 4What is osteopenia? PAGEREF _Toc136412791 \h 4Types of Osteoporosis PAGEREF _Toc136412792 \h 5Consequences of osteoporosis PAGEREF _Toc136412793 \h 5MODULE 2: ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOPOROSIS PAGEREF _Toc136412794 \h 6Basics of Bone Biology PAGEREF _Toc136412795 \h 6How Bones Grow and Change PAGEREF _Toc136412796 \h 7Risk Factors for Osteoporosis PAGEREF _Toc136412797 \h 7Diseases and Conditions Linked to Bone Loss PAGEREF _Toc136412798 \h 9Other Factors That Affect Bone Health PAGEREF _Toc136412799 \h 10MODULE 3: SCREENING AND TESTING FOR OSTEOPOROSIS PAGEREF _Toc136412800 \h 10Bone Mineral Density Testing Modalities PAGEREF _Toc136412801 \h 11MODULE 4: TREATMENT OPTIONS PAGEREF _Toc136412802 \h 17Administering Medications and Pharmacologic Support PAGEREF _Toc136412803 \h 17Treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men aged 50 years and older PAGEREF _Toc136412804 \h 25Improving patient adherence to prescribed treatment PAGEREF _Toc136412805 \h 25MODULE 5: PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS PAGEREF _Toc136412806 \h 26Osteoporosis and Fracture Prevention PAGEREF _Toc136412807 \h 27Fall prevention strategies PAGEREF _Toc136412808 \h 30MODULE 6: COPING WITH OSTEOPOROSIS: LIFESTYLE AND SUPPORT PAGEREF _Toc136412809 \h 31Supportive Resources for Osteoporosis PAGEREF _Toc136412810 \h 31Managing Pain and Discomfort PAGEREF _Toc136412811 \h 31Sexual Health and Intimacy PAGEREF _Toc136412812 \h 34MODULE 7: EXERCISING SAFELY WITH OSTEOPOROSIS PAGEREF _Toc136412813 \h 34Safety Considerations for physical activity PAGEREF _Toc136412814 \h 35Bone-Safe Exercise Techniques PAGEREF _Toc136412815 \h 36MODULE 8: NURSES ROLE OF NURSES IN OSTEOPOROSIS PAGEREF _Toc136412816 \h 37Nursing Problem Priorities PAGEREF _Toc136412817 \h 37Nursing Interventions and Actions PAGEREF _Toc136412818 \h 38References PAGEREF _Toc136412819 \h 46 MODULE 1: WHAT IS OSTEOPOROSIS? Over the last century, improved healthcare, socioeconomic, and lifestyle improvements have resulted in drastically increasing life expectancy in modern societies. As a result, the prevalence of illnesses that mostly afflict the elderly has skyrocketed. The number of fractures caused by brittle or porous bones (i.e. osteoporosis from the Greek meanings for 'bone' and 'pore') has therefore grown in industrialized countries over the last 50 years, with a similar trend projected in developing countries. Despite continued breakthroughs in osteoporosis detection and treatment, studies indicate that osteoporosis is still poorly managed, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. Defining Osteoporosis The National Institute of Health Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis established a consensus definition of osteoporosis in 2001: 'Osteoporosis is defined as a skeletal condition characterized by decreased bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture'. Bone strength was thought to be primarily determined by bone density and quality. The disease is characterized by deterioration of trabecular microstructure, loss of connection between trabeculae, and cortical thinning.Osteoporosis is a widespread condition that grows more prevalent with age. One in every two women over the age of 50 will suffer an osteoporotic fracture over their lifetime. One in five males over the age of 50 experience an osteoporotic fracture, which is a lower rate for men (National Society for Osteoporosis, June 2017). What is osteopenia? Osteopenia, often known as "reduced bone mass," differs from osteoporosis in the quantity of bone loss detected. Osteopenia is defined as a reduced bone mass that is not yet low enough to be classified as osteoporosis. Reduced bone mass can lead to osteoporosis if left untreated over time. One of the many risk factors for osteoporosis and fractures is osteopenia. If you have been diagnosed with osteopenia, you must immediately begin taking precautions to safeguard your bones. This includes eating a good diet, exercising regularly, and discussing your bone health with your healthcare physician. Types of Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is classified into two categories. The most prevalent types are primary osteoporosis and secondary osteoporosis, which is osteoporosis caused by other illnesses such as hyperthyroidism or medicines. Primary osteoporosis is classified into two sub-categories.  Type 1: Postmenopausal osteoporosis typically affects women who have completed menopause and is associated with a lack of estrogen. Remember that estrogen has a bone-protective action. This kind of osteoporosis primarily affects trabecular (spongy) bone rather than firm, cortical bone. It is frequently associated with wrist fractures, followed by vertebral fractures as the individual ages. Type 2: Senile osteoporosis affects people between the ages of 70 and 85. It is connected with aging and is associated with the loss of both trabecular (spongy) and cortical (hard) bone. Senile osteoporosis frequently results in vertebral, limb, and pelvis fractures.  Consequences of osteoporosis Fractures are the most common complication of osteoporosis and poor bone mass. When a force, such as trauma, is applied to osteoporotic bone, a fracture occurs. Fractures caused by osteoporosis, also known as fragility fractures, are likely to influence mobility, quality of life, morbidity, and death when they occur with falls from a standing posture or develop spontaneously. The spine (vertebrae), hip (proximal femur), and wrist (distal forearm) are the most often fractured bones. Despite making up less than 20% of osteoporosis fractures, hip fractures are associated with significant disability and mortality; only one-third of patients with hip fractures return to their pre-fracture level of function, one-third require nursing home placement, and one-fifth are likely to pass away within a year. Furthermore, hip fractures are associated with a 2.5-fold increase in the risk of subsequent fractures. Although the repercussions of hip fractures are well documented, less attention has been paid to the effects of other forms of osteoporotic fractures, such as vertebral fractures, which frequently occur without an individual's knowledge. Such fractures can cause height loss, kyphosis, and chronic back pain. Changes in posture caused by kyphosis may limit an individual's participation in daily activities such as bending and reaching, as well as regular social interactions.  Multiple vertebral fractures in the thoracic region can cause restrictive lung disease, increasing the hazards associated with respiratory function. Abdominal pain, constipation, distention, decreased appetite, and early satiety may occur as a result of lumbar spinal fractures due to changes in abdominal anatomy. Although wrist fractures are less severe than hip and vertebral fractures, they can nonetheless impede daily tasks. Pelvic and proximal humerus (shoulder) fractures are also related to greater morbidity and death. Wrist fracture and loss of height owing to vertebral fractures strongly signal low bone mass and should lead the patient to be referred for bone loss examination. Furthermore, the occurrence of one fracture strongly predicts the occurrence of subsequent fractures. Other quality-of-life challenges, in addition to the loss of mobility, function, and independence, include isolation and diminished social engagement with others, sadness, loss of self-esteem due to changes in lifestyle and appearance, anxiety, fear, and anger. Even while outcomes like depression are regularly reported in women with established osteoporosis, it's possible that healthcare professionals will ignore them despite how significant they are in the lives of people who experience them. The financial costs of osteoporosis and fractures are enormous. Annual direct financial expenditures for osteoporotic fracture therapy are projected to be between $10 and $15 billion. The majority of these expenditures are...