Analyse Human Genetics In Relation With The Human Genome Project (Research Paper Sample)

GENETICS AND HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
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Abstract
This term paper is based on the evolvement of genes through time which forms the basis for the study of genetics which has attracted a wide range of researchers who have tried to explain the process of gene evolution. The times and processes of gene evolution have been outline, the factors which have led to the variations of genes of species which have led to emergence of new species and others being extinct. The paper also has cited several examples to explain how the understanding of genes have been affected or improved by more researches especially the modern digital genetics. My study has also cited the human genome project carried by the United States as an example of an historical event carried out to improve the understanding of the genetic evolvement. The gaps the human genome project has added to the research world of genetics have been outlined and the additions of the project to the same studies.
Introduction
Genetics being the study of the process by which organisms acquire their traits, this study of genetics started long time ago with many researchers trying to explain the sources of the certain traits in species. Trying to explain the changes which have led to the existence of certain specials and the behaviors they pose to adapt to their environment. The evolvements of genes have been explained by researches to be contributed by several factors. Studies have been carried out to explain this evolvement of the genes, Hartl, D. L et al (1997). The instructions which which aid in the construction and operation of the organisms are contained in the DNA of the given organism. Ancient studies outlined that evolution is one of the major factors affecting genetic changes among organisms. Mutational changes, where the alteration of DNAs occur hence leading to change in gene types of organisms was also described as a major factor contributing to the study of genetics and the evolution of the knowledge of genetics.
Genetics
The field of genetics has experienced many studies in the recent years to add to the existing knowledge about the traits of species. Nelson J F (2013) did a study on the evolutionary genetics of the meerkats. He did an investigation on the extended to which the inbreeding affected the traits of the ancient meerkats of the Kalahari. He found that the meerkats are largely affected by inbreeding and acquire certain traits through inbreeding. Relatedness also was a factor which affected the genetics of a certain species; Madden et al. (2012) indicated that individuals interacted according to the extent in which they are related. Dubb L (2006) did a study on the likelihood model of the gene family evolution. He outline that the duplication of genes is one of the ways of new gene formation. In his study he added described the simple model for gene duplication which also leads to the loss of certain genes. He concluded that acquiring of new traits by species or organisms is by existence or non existence of certain genes. The presence or absences of genes in these species are as a result of gene duplication or the loss of genes. Becquet C (2008) carried out a study on the population genetic approach to the study of speciation. He studied the ways by which populations diverge in different ways and by this they become extinct organisms. He used the example of the application in the human evolution theory which is a major field of study in genetics. He used the apes to study the evolution of humans and argued that the apes where the closely related to humans in the evolution hence could provide answers which could be generalized to humans. He concluded that, migrations and divergence to different geographical areas is one of the key factors which have led to the development of genetics. These have led to the species being extinct. The ape family is one of the most endangered species and faces being extinct. He concluded also that the acquisition of certain traits by humans was due to their migration from the other apes. Hence he added to the existing knowledge that, geographical areas and migration is one of the factors leading to the certain behaviors of a given species. All the three examples outline how recent studies have added to the existing knowledge on the study of genetics and the existence and non existence of given species.
The Human Genome Project
The human genome project (HGP) was initiated by the Department of Energy of the US in the 1990. The main aim of the project was to add to the existing knowledge of the study of human genetics and try to explain the traits in humans as a result of gene evolution. Prior to the project there was existing little knowledge on the study of human genes and DNA. The project sought to give a highly quality explanation of the DNA sequence of the three billion pairs of bases found in the genome of human beings. The project was also to identify the 100,000 genes found in the DNA of human beings. The study also explained the existence of diseases like cancer as a result of changes in the human DNA, (Collins, F. S., & McKusick, V. A. 2001). They found that the human cells obtained and experienced changes of DNA due to the environmen...