Public Administration: Forms of Validity and Reliability (Term Paper Sample)

Public Administration
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Public Administration
Discuss sampling and sampling errors, as well as forms of validity and reliability and why they are important to the foundations of any statistics based study.
Sampling
The procedure applied by analysts in predetermining specific numbers of observations taken from a population is sampling. The technique used in the selection of a large population depends on the form of analysis applied. A good sample contains a randomly encompassed population. The sampling has significance because the research method gives different kinds of statistical data about an examined unit. Sampling uses different techniques during the selection of samples. The technique of selecting samples includes simple random sampling, stratified sampling, quota sampling, cluster sampling and systematic sampling. Simple random sampling involves the selection of samples through the guide from random numbers. Systematic sampling depends on the arranged study of specific population. Stratified sampling uses different types of populations when selecting a sample. Quota sampling involves the segmentation of mutually selected subgroups. Cluster sampling entails the application of geography in the selection of samples.Sampling error
The error that takes place when applying samples in the making of inferences on the drawn population is sampling error. Sampling errors have relevance because the errors enables the analysts avoid mistakes. The error takes place because analysts come up with various topics from a population, but the topics contain individual variations. The type of sampling errors includes bias and random errors (Christiansen, Johnson & Turner, 2014). The model of errors that cancel each other to give an overall result that reflects on the true value. The subtraction of parameter values from statistical values results in random errors. Research indicates that random errors exist in almost all sample designs. The bias error occurrence has serious issues compared to other errors. The errors occur in bias all load in a similar direction. The load in the same direction makes the errors to lack balance. The lack of balance in the errors leads to the production of true distortions.Validity
The indicator of the soundness of the research is validity. Researchers apply validity in both methods and designs of research. Validity makes the study results have meaning. The different types of validity in research include face validity, sampling validity, construct validity and criterion-related. Christiansen, Johnson and Turner (2014) illustrated that face validity involves assessment of the construct studied. The stakeholders of an organization easily assess the validity. Face validity is an accurate method of measurement. Sampling validity involves the assurance that the measurement shields areas within the studied concept. The validity employs experts to measure the shielded area of study. Construct validity involves the measurement of the intended variable excluding the unnecessary ones. Researchers determine the right variable to put into measurement. Researchers use Criterion-related method of validity to make a prediction on the present performances. The researchers use results from tests and relate t...