Disorders of the Veins and Arteries (Coursework Sample)

Disorders of the Veins and Arteries
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Introduction
Vein and arteries form part of the circulatory system that conveys blood to the heart and tissues in the human body. Most arteries carry oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body except the pulmonary artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for efficient pulmonary ventilation. The arteries and veins in conjunction with the capillaries and lymph vessels form the circulatory system of the human body. Disorders associated with the circulatory system known as vascular diseases mostly affect the veins and the arteries. The venous disorders are associated with the valves incompetence leading to venous insufficiency. Venous insufficiency can be mild or chronic. If the venous insufficiency is in combination with other disorders of the vein such as varicose veins and phlebitis it leads to a condition known as chronic venous disorders (CVD). Disorders of the arteries are described either as coronary or the peripheral artery diseases. The coronary diseases affect the heart individually during the peripheral arterial disorders affect the other arteries in the body excluding the heart.
Pathophysiology deals with the study of different physiological processes that associated with the disease. The chronic venous insufficiency is mainly due incompetence of the valves and congenital weakness of the veins. Venous incompetence is due to the atrophy of the valves causing hypertension of the veins in the segment that is below the valve affected. The result is damage of peripheral valve causing transformation of varicose in the direction of central to peripheral. The weakness of the vein results in varicose due to the difference in elasticity of a valve. On the other hand, the deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is caused by damage to the vessel wall and small flow of blood. The result is that it interferes with the flow of blood thus favouring embolism and vascular inflammation.
Venous thrombosis is quite different from arterial thrombosis when viewed in the aspect of clinical relevance. In case, a blood clot (thrombus) occurs in an artery is called arterial thrombosis but if the clot occurs in a vein, it is venous thrombosis. Thrombosis in veins commonly occurs in deep veins resulting in deep vein thrombosis abbreviated as DVT.
Genes play a role in the pathophysiology of the chronic venous insufficiency and deep venous thrombosis. Due to the genetic mutation of a parent it may affect the expression of other genes in the child in case the mother is pregnant or if the two parents have coitus. The mutation may either be chromosomal or gene that interferes with expression of genes during protein synthesis. Genes may code for the different protein from the normal in the walls or cells of the veins and arteries. The failure of expression of the right genes may cause a condition such as narrow valves that become incompetent. The other effect may be collagen fibres may not be appropriately laid out and can cause weak vessel. These abnormalities develop during the early embryonic life that later become manifested when the child grows. The genes inherited from one parent, or there may be interference with the genetic make-up due to environmental effects. These effects range from chemical disposition into the atmosphere, type of food that you eat and inhalation of poisonous gases. All these combined effects lead to the reduced formation of blood vessels and other malformation within the body. The type of defects in the artery or vein may have an impact on either the chronic venous insufficiency or deep venous thrombosis (Treil and Fleming, 2015)
The diagnosis process of the doctor is simple because he will review the medical history of the disease. The doctor interviews the patient to give the details of when the disease he will use the symptoms the patient provides the treatment. In this case, it is due to the genetic influence, and, therefore, the manifestations must have started early and this gives the doctor the best direction to offers his treatment to the patient. The doctor gives drugs to adjust the rate of the heartbeat to ensure blood is under high pressure in th...